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social psychology > Week 9 FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

Week 9 FINAL EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

_________ - preconceived negative attitude towards a social group (outgrip) and its members

A

prejudice

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2
Q

___________ - negative behaviours towards people who are the object of prejudice

A

discrimination

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3
Q

_________ - shared and simplified image of a social group and its members

A

stereotype

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4
Q

________ - prejudice or discrimination against people based on their race or ethnicity

A

Racism

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5
Q

There has been a qualitative shift from ‘old-fashioned’ racism to ‘_______’ racism

A

modern

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6
Q

‘___-_________’ racism: blatant expression of negative stereotypes of others based on category membership

A

old-fashioned

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7
Q

_______ racism: simultaneously committed to equality and have negative affect towards outgrips

A

modern racism

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8
Q

How do you detect ‘modern racism’?

A

Implicit Association Test; Social Distance

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9
Q

_______ prejudice: conscious and controllable attitudes, usually measured via self-report

A

Explicit prejudice

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10
Q

________ prejudice: automatic, unintentionally activated by presence of attitude object

A

implicit prejudice

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11
Q

________ - prejudice or discrimination against people based on their sex

A

sexism

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12
Q

________- sexism - blatant, negative views about women or men

A

hostile sexism

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13
Q

__________ sexism - idealising women in traditional roles

A

benevolent sexism

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14
Q

Stereotype Content Model: two primary dimensions of stereotypes: _____ and _______

A

either Warm (housewife) or competent (business woman that is cold)

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15
Q

In the Stereotype Content Model, high status groups are seen as _________, while high competition groups are seen as lacking _________

A

Competent; warmth

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16
Q

_______ - prejudice or discrimination against people based on their age

A

ageism

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17
Q

________/disadvantage: prejudice may lead to deprivation of opportunities

A

deprivation

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18
Q

__________ _______: being aware of a negative stereotype associated with your group leads to performance

A

stereotype threat

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19
Q

Is evaluation apprehension associated with stereotype threat?

A

Yes, also lowered expectations

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20
Q

Consequences of stereotype threat:

  • decreased p________
  • ________ attributions of failure
  • _______ - increase quality of performance
  • self-__________
  • discount task or distance from group
A

performance; internal; reactance; handicapping

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21
Q

The __________ personality is a theory of social prejudice

A

authoritarian personality

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22
Q

______ __________ theory: motivated to protect existing social system > prejudice

A

system justification theory

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23
Q

_____ ________ theory: favour our in-group over outgroups

A

Social Identity theory

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24
Q

Motivation to avoid ________: conflict between prejudiced beliefs and personal egalitarian values

A

Motivation to avoid prejudice

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25
Q

________ management theory: fear of death/mortality produces anxiety. We can derogate those who increase our anxiety by threatening our worldview

A

Terror management theory

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26
Q

__________ ____________ effect: see outgrip members as alike, in-group members as different

A

outgroup homogeneity effect

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27
Q

Is distinctiveness associated to stereotypes or sexism

A

stereotypes

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28
Q

_______ _________: perception of stronger associated between 2 variables than actually exists

A

illusory correlation

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29
Q

Stereotypes can be maintained by P_______, Ass________ and A_______ P_________, S_________ M___________; and S____-F________ P_________

A

Priming; Assimilation; Attributional processes; selective memory; self-fulfilling prophecy

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30
Q

________ __________: infer dispositional causes for stereotype congruent behaviours

A

Attributional processes

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31
Q

_________ hypothesis: direct contact between groups leads to reduced prejudice

A

Contact prejudice

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32
Q

Are common goals important in which theory?

A

Contact Hypothesis

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33
Q

Social norms favouring equality is important in which theory?

A

Contact hypothesis

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34
Q

______ _______: knowledge that other people in your in-group have friends in the outgroup

A

extended contact

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35
Q

_______ __________ : imagining positive contact with outgroup can improve intergroup relations

A

Imagined Contact

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36
Q

_________ contact reduces stereotypes more than ________ contact

A

direct contact; imagined contact

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37
Q

A preconceived negative attitude towards a social group and its members is known as __________

A

prejudice

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38
Q

Prejudice is an a________

A

ATTITIUDE

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39
Q

Attitude is made up of ABC:

  • A______
  • B________ tendency
  • C______
A

affect; Behavioural tendency; Cognitions (beliefs)

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40
Q

The problem with __________ is that they are overgeneralised and/or just plain wrong

A

stereotypes

41
Q

Discrimination is a negative _________

A

behaviour

42
Q

Blatant prejudice is being replaced by ________ prejudice

A

subtle

43
Q

_______ ______ _______ are good to understand or discover implicit racism

A

implicit association test

44
Q

Automatic __________ involves primitive regions of the brain associated with fear

A

prejudice

45
Q

Unequal status breeds ________

A

prejudice

46
Q

Those high in _______ ________ _________ tend to view people in terms of hierarchies

A

social dominance orientation

47
Q

___________ : believing in the superiority of one’s own ethnic and cultural group and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups

A

ethnocentric

48
Q

What two characteristics are present in the most highly prejudiced individuals?

A

Social Dominance Orientation; Authoritarion personality type

49
Q

_______ ___________ orientation predicts sexism, nationalism, ethnic prejudice

A

social dominance orientation

50
Q

________ _______ ________ theory suggests that prejudice arises when groups compete for scarce resources

A

Realistic group conflict theory

51
Q

We are more prone to in-group bias when our group in ______ and _______ in status to the comparative outgroup

A

small; lower

52
Q

Denying human attributes and emotions to outgrips members is known as ____________

A

infra humanisation

53
Q

A psychological benefit of prejudice is a feeling of ___________

A

superiority

54
Q

_________ represent cognitive efficiency

A

stereotypes

55
Q

_____ _________ effect: perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another the are in-group members. Thus ‘they are alike, we are diverse’

A

Out-group homogeneity effect

56
Q

The (greater/lesser) our familiarity with a social group, the more we see its diversity

A

greater

57
Q

_______ consciousness: a person’s expectation of being victimised by prejudice or discrimination

A

Stigma consciousness

58
Q

Positive behaviours by outgroup members is often ___________

A

dismissed

59
Q

_____-_______ bias: explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviours; also attributing negative behaviours to their dispositions

A

group-serving bias

60
Q

Cognitive illusory correlations can lead to __________

A

stereotypes

61
Q

_____-_________ phenomenon: The tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what deserve, and deserve what they get.

A

Just-world phenomenon

62
Q

________: Accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as ‘exceptions to the rule’

A

subtyping

63
Q

_________: Accomodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group

A

Subgrouping

64
Q

Stereotype threat affects three areas of performance:

  • St_____
  • S___-M________
  • Sup________ unwanted thoughts and emotions
A

Stress; Self-monitoring; Suppressing unwanted thoughts and emotions

65
Q

Discrimination is the ___________ component of prejudice

A

behavioural

66
Q

Stereotypes are the ___________ component of prejudice

A

cognitive

67
Q

Discriminatory behaviour often has its source in prejudicial _________

A

attitudes

68
Q

Prejudiced and stereotypic evaluations can occur outside people’s __________

A

awareness

69
Q

M________ P__________ even appears as a sensitivity that leads to exaggerated reactions to isolated members of an ethnic minority

A

Modern Prejudice

70
Q

How to measure racism?

  • s___-r_____ scales
  • S_____ D______
  • Unob______ measures
  • Lan_______/Dis_______
  • Implicit Association Test
A

Self-Report scales; social distance; Unobtrusive measures; Language/Discourse

71
Q

Automatic prejudice involves more ________ areas of the brain, like the amygdala

A

primitive

72
Q

S_________ C_______ model: dimensions or warmth and competence reflect socio-structural variables of status and competition

A

Stereotype Content Model

73
Q

One effect of prejudice is deprivation of o__________

A

opportunities (like getting a job, or renting a house)

74
Q

Prejudice can result in vi______ and gen______

A

violence and genocide

75
Q

Prejudice can lead to deh__________

A

dehumanisation

76
Q

Prejudice can lead to individuals internalising the negative attitude and thus have lower ___-______

A

self-esteem

77
Q

Prejudice can lead to self-_______ __________

A

self-fulfilling prophecy

78
Q

Prejudice can lead to s_________ t________

A

stereotype threat

79
Q

What are the causes of stereotype threat?

  • E________ A________ of non dominant responses
  • Lowered e_________
A

Evaluation apprehension; Lowered expectations

80
Q

Providing role models can reduce s_______ t_______

A

stereotype threat

81
Q

Authoritarian personality types tend to be:

  • pr_______
  • hold con__________ political views
  • rigid thin_____
  • Concerned with status, p______ and dominance
A

prejudice; conservative; thinking

82
Q

Those high in s________ d________ o_________ tend to view people in terms of hierarchies

A

social dominance orientation

83
Q

Motivational sources of prejudice?

  • S_____ I______ T______
  • Prejudice a_______
  • Te______ Ma________ theory
A

Social Identity Theory; Prejudice Avoidance; Terror Management Theory

84
Q

What is realistic group conflict theory?

A

Prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources

85
Q

_______ sources of prejudice

- categorisation leads to accentuation of similarities within groups and differences between groups

A

cognitive

86
Q

According to cognitive theory, s_______ represent cognitive efficiency

A

stereotypes

87
Q

___-____ bias: the tendency for people to more accurately recognise faces of their own race

A

Own-Race Bias

88
Q

S_______ C__________: how much we expect others to stereotype us

A

Stigma Consciousness

89
Q

Ca______ is crucial to stereotype creation

A

Categorisation

90
Q

O_______ homo_______ effect; We all see the members of our group as distinct and unique but from the outgroup they are all the same

A

Outgroup Homogeneity effect

91
Q

The more ________ a stimuli is, the more we cognitively attend to it. (A black person in a group of white people)

A

distinctive

92
Q

Co-occurrence of 2 distinctive events ( a black man and a nearby robbery) is attention grabbing and presumes an i________ C_________

A

illusionary correlation

93
Q

S_______ bias attention, encoding, and recall of information

A

Stereotypes

94
Q

Distinctive and accessible categories are most easily pr_______

A

primed

95
Q

We infer (via cognitive att______ pr_______) that dispositional causes for stereotype behaviour is congruent with a behaviour

A

attributional processes

96
Q

E____-S_____ contact: to reduce prejudice, both groups need to be treated as of equal status

A

Equal Status contact

97
Q

Conditions for contact to work:

  • E_____ - S______ between both groups
  • Intergroup coo________
  • S_____ N_____ that favour equality
  • sustained cl____ co_____
A

Equal status; cooperation; social norms; close contact

98
Q

Contact that brings per_______ sim______ among groups helps with reducing prejudice

A

perceived similarity

99
Q

Ex______ Co_______: knowledge that other people in your in-group have friends in the outgroup. This makes you more comfortable with a potential relationship with outgroup members

A

Extended contact

social psychology (13 decks)

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