Week 9 FINAL EXAM Flashcards
_________ - preconceived negative attitude towards a social group (outgrip) and its members
prejudice
___________ - negative behaviours towards people who are the object of prejudice
discrimination
_________ - shared and simplified image of a social group and its members
stereotype
________ - prejudice or discrimination against people based on their race or ethnicity
Racism
There has been a qualitative shift from ‘old-fashioned’ racism to ‘_______’ racism
modern
‘___-_________’ racism: blatant expression of negative stereotypes of others based on category membership
old-fashioned
_______ racism: simultaneously committed to equality and have negative affect towards outgrips
modern racism
How do you detect ‘modern racism’?
Implicit Association Test; Social Distance
_______ prejudice: conscious and controllable attitudes, usually measured via self-report
Explicit prejudice
________ prejudice: automatic, unintentionally activated by presence of attitude object
implicit prejudice
________ - prejudice or discrimination against people based on their sex
sexism
________- sexism - blatant, negative views about women or men
hostile sexism
__________ sexism - idealising women in traditional roles
benevolent sexism
Stereotype Content Model: two primary dimensions of stereotypes: _____ and _______
either Warm (housewife) or competent (business woman that is cold)
In the Stereotype Content Model, high status groups are seen as _________, while high competition groups are seen as lacking _________
Competent; warmth
_______ - prejudice or discrimination against people based on their age
ageism
________/disadvantage: prejudice may lead to deprivation of opportunities
deprivation
__________ _______: being aware of a negative stereotype associated with your group leads to performance
stereotype threat
Is evaluation apprehension associated with stereotype threat?
Yes, also lowered expectations
Consequences of stereotype threat:
- decreased p________
- ________ attributions of failure
- _______ - increase quality of performance
- self-__________
- discount task or distance from group
performance; internal; reactance; handicapping
The __________ personality is a theory of social prejudice
authoritarian personality
______ __________ theory: motivated to protect existing social system > prejudice
system justification theory
_____ ________ theory: favour our in-group over outgroups
Social Identity theory
Motivation to avoid ________: conflict between prejudiced beliefs and personal egalitarian values
Motivation to avoid prejudice
________ management theory: fear of death/mortality produces anxiety. We can derogate those who increase our anxiety by threatening our worldview
Terror management theory
__________ ____________ effect: see outgrip members as alike, in-group members as different
outgroup homogeneity effect
Is distinctiveness associated to stereotypes or sexism
stereotypes
_______ _________: perception of stronger associated between 2 variables than actually exists
illusory correlation
Stereotypes can be maintained by P_______, Ass________ and A_______ P_________, S_________ M___________; and S____-F________ P_________
Priming; Assimilation; Attributional processes; selective memory; self-fulfilling prophecy
________ __________: infer dispositional causes for stereotype congruent behaviours
Attributional processes
_________ hypothesis: direct contact between groups leads to reduced prejudice
Contact prejudice
Are common goals important in which theory?
Contact Hypothesis
Social norms favouring equality is important in which theory?
Contact hypothesis
______ _______: knowledge that other people in your in-group have friends in the outgroup
extended contact
_______ __________ : imagining positive contact with outgroup can improve intergroup relations
Imagined Contact
_________ contact reduces stereotypes more than ________ contact
direct contact; imagined contact
A preconceived negative attitude towards a social group and its members is known as __________
prejudice
Prejudice is an a________
ATTITIUDE
Attitude is made up of ABC:
- A______
- B________ tendency
- C______
affect; Behavioural tendency; Cognitions (beliefs)
The problem with __________ is that they are overgeneralised and/or just plain wrong
stereotypes
Discrimination is a negative _________
behaviour
Blatant prejudice is being replaced by ________ prejudice
subtle
_______ ______ _______ are good to understand or discover implicit racism
implicit association test
Automatic __________ involves primitive regions of the brain associated with fear
prejudice
Unequal status breeds ________
prejudice
Those high in _______ ________ _________ tend to view people in terms of hierarchies
social dominance orientation
___________ : believing in the superiority of one’s own ethnic and cultural group and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups
ethnocentric
What two characteristics are present in the most highly prejudiced individuals?
Social Dominance Orientation; Authoritarion personality type
_______ ___________ orientation predicts sexism, nationalism, ethnic prejudice
social dominance orientation
________ _______ ________ theory suggests that prejudice arises when groups compete for scarce resources
Realistic group conflict theory
We are more prone to in-group bias when our group in ______ and _______ in status to the comparative outgroup
small; lower
Denying human attributes and emotions to outgrips members is known as ____________
infra humanisation
A psychological benefit of prejudice is a feeling of ___________
superiority
_________ represent cognitive efficiency
stereotypes
_____ _________ effect: perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another the are in-group members. Thus ‘they are alike, we are diverse’
Out-group homogeneity effect
The (greater/lesser) our familiarity with a social group, the more we see its diversity
greater
_______ consciousness: a person’s expectation of being victimised by prejudice or discrimination
Stigma consciousness
Positive behaviours by outgroup members is often ___________
dismissed
_____-_______ bias: explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviours; also attributing negative behaviours to their dispositions
group-serving bias
Cognitive illusory correlations can lead to __________
stereotypes
_____-_________ phenomenon: The tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what deserve, and deserve what they get.
Just-world phenomenon
________: Accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as ‘exceptions to the rule’
subtyping
_________: Accomodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group
Subgrouping
Stereotype threat affects three areas of performance:
- St_____
- S___-M________
- Sup________ unwanted thoughts and emotions
Stress; Self-monitoring; Suppressing unwanted thoughts and emotions
Discrimination is the ___________ component of prejudice
behavioural
Stereotypes are the ___________ component of prejudice
cognitive
Discriminatory behaviour often has its source in prejudicial _________
attitudes
Prejudiced and stereotypic evaluations can occur outside people’s __________
awareness
M________ P__________ even appears as a sensitivity that leads to exaggerated reactions to isolated members of an ethnic minority
Modern Prejudice
How to measure racism?
- s___-r_____ scales
- S_____ D______
- Unob______ measures
- Lan_______/Dis_______
- Implicit Association Test
Self-Report scales; social distance; Unobtrusive measures; Language/Discourse
Automatic prejudice involves more ________ areas of the brain, like the amygdala
primitive
S_________ C_______ model: dimensions or warmth and competence reflect socio-structural variables of status and competition
Stereotype Content Model
One effect of prejudice is deprivation of o__________
opportunities (like getting a job, or renting a house)
Prejudice can result in vi______ and gen______
violence and genocide
Prejudice can lead to deh__________
dehumanisation
Prejudice can lead to individuals internalising the negative attitude and thus have lower ___-______
self-esteem
Prejudice can lead to self-_______ __________
self-fulfilling prophecy
Prejudice can lead to s_________ t________
stereotype threat
What are the causes of stereotype threat?
- E________ A________ of non dominant responses
- Lowered e_________
Evaluation apprehension; Lowered expectations
Providing role models can reduce s_______ t_______
stereotype threat
Authoritarian personality types tend to be:
- pr_______
- hold con__________ political views
- rigid thin_____
- Concerned with status, p______ and dominance
prejudice; conservative; thinking
Those high in s________ d________ o_________ tend to view people in terms of hierarchies
social dominance orientation
Motivational sources of prejudice?
- S_____ I______ T______
- Prejudice a_______
- Te______ Ma________ theory
Social Identity Theory; Prejudice Avoidance; Terror Management Theory
What is realistic group conflict theory?
Prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources
_______ sources of prejudice
- categorisation leads to accentuation of similarities within groups and differences between groups
cognitive
According to cognitive theory, s_______ represent cognitive efficiency
stereotypes
___-____ bias: the tendency for people to more accurately recognise faces of their own race
Own-Race Bias
S_______ C__________: how much we expect others to stereotype us
Stigma Consciousness
Ca______ is crucial to stereotype creation
Categorisation
O_______ homo_______ effect; We all see the members of our group as distinct and unique but from the outgroup they are all the same
Outgroup Homogeneity effect
The more ________ a stimuli is, the more we cognitively attend to it. (A black person in a group of white people)
distinctive
Co-occurrence of 2 distinctive events ( a black man and a nearby robbery) is attention grabbing and presumes an i________ C_________
illusionary correlation
S_______ bias attention, encoding, and recall of information
Stereotypes
Distinctive and accessible categories are most easily pr_______
primed
We infer (via cognitive att______ pr_______) that dispositional causes for stereotype behaviour is congruent with a behaviour
attributional processes
E____-S_____ contact: to reduce prejudice, both groups need to be treated as of equal status
Equal Status contact
Conditions for contact to work:
- E_____ - S______ between both groups
- Intergroup coo________
- S_____ N_____ that favour equality
- sustained cl____ co_____
Equal status; cooperation; social norms; close contact
Contact that brings per_______ sim______ among groups helps with reducing prejudice
perceived similarity
Ex______ Co_______: knowledge that other people in your in-group have friends in the outgroup. This makes you more comfortable with a potential relationship with outgroup members
Extended contact
