Week 10: Chapter 13 FINAL EXAM Flashcards
________: A perceived incompatibility of actions or goals
Conflict
______ _____: a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behaviour
Social Trap
non-______-_____ games: games in which outcomes not sum to zero. With cooperation, both can win; with competition, both can lose
non-zero-sum games
Ways we can resolve social dilemmas:
- Reg_______
- _______ groups
- Comm_________
- Changing the p_______
- Appeals to _________ norms
Regulation; Small groups; Communication; Changing the payoffs; Appeals to altruistic norms
Discussing a social dilemma can forge a ______ ______, which enhances concern for everyone’s welfare
social identity
___________ creates group norms and consensus expectations and puts pressure on members to follow them
Communication
____________ can also activate altruistic norms
Communication
C__________ breed conflict
Competition
Self-J__________ inclines people to deny the wrong of their evil acts
self-justification
_______ - _______ perceptions: reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict
Mirror - Image Perceptions
Four behaviours towards achieving peace: 1 Con\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2 Coop\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3 C\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_n 4 Conc\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Contact; Cooperation; Communication; Conciliation
In a recent meta-analysis, increased _______ predicted decreased prejudice
contact
_______ ________: situation in which most rewarding short-term choice for individual causes negative consequences for group as a whole
Social dilemmas
_____ _____: Situation in which conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self-interest, became caught in mutually destructive behaviour
Social trap
_______ dilemma: if all cooperate, all gain; if all compete, all lose
Commons dilemma
_______ of the _______: individuals consume more than their share of common resource ultimately leading to loss of resource for all
Tragedy of the commons
______ _______ dilemma: individual must contribute to provision of freely available resource
Public Goods Dilemma
____-_____ effect: benefit from public good without contributing
Free-rider effect
_________ behaviour: behaviour that involves integration between members of separate social groups
Intergroup behaviour
_________ behaviour: individual behaviour that is influenced by awareness of, and identification with, different social groups
Intergroup behaviour
______-________ hypothesis: all aggression comes from frustration
Frustration-agression hypothesis
________ _________ theory: perceived relative deprivation leads to feelings of frustration that leads to social unrest and possibly violence
Relative Deprivation Theory
________ _______ deprivation: sense that our ingroup has less than it is entitled to compared to a relevant outgroup
Fraternalistic relative deprivation
________ _______ conflict theory: mutually exclusive goals produce intergroup conflict and ethnocentrism
Realistic Group Conflict theory
______ _______ paradigm: : in competition between groups necessary for intergroup conflict
Minimal Group Paradigm
_______ _______ _______: motivated to maximise positive distinctiveness or ingroup
social identity theory
Social Identity theory components:
1 Cat_________
2 Id__________
3 Com__________
Categorisation; Identification; Comparison;
_____-_________ theory: categorising based on comparative and normative fit
Self-categorisation theory
____________: define ourselves in terms of ingroup (social identity) and behaviour in line with in-group norms
Depersonalisation
____-________ principle: categorise so as to maximise differences between categories compared to differences within categories
Meta-constrast
______-_______ contact: contact on an equal basis.
Equal - status relationship
____________ goals: a shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort; a goal that orverrides people’s differences from one another
Superordinate goal
Being mindful of our _______ social identities that we partially share with anyone else enables social cohesion
multiple
Bicultural individuals normally have a positive ___-______
self-concept
________ _________ : Win-win agreements that reconcile both parties interests to their mutual benefit
Integrative agreements
What does GRIT stand for?
Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction
______: a strategy designed to de-escalate international tensions
GRIT
According to Social Identity Theory, our self-concept, does not just include a personal identity, but also a _______ identity
social
What is a psychological benefit of prejudice?
Feelings of superiority
S_____ D_________: situation in which most rewarding short-term choice for individual causes negative consequences for group as a whole
Social Dilemmas
What is the tragedy of the commons?
Individuals consume more than their share of common resource ultimately leading to loss of resource for all
P_____ Go______ dilemma: individual MUST contribute to provision of freely available resource. (if not it leads to a free rider scumbag)
Public Goods Dilemma
A f_________ A________ E_______ is crucial in social dilemmas as it argues that our interests are morally correct while others interests are greedy and selfish (such as in the prisoners dilemma and tragedy of the commons)
fundamental attribution error
If I was frustrated with an individual and then acted out in aggression, what theory would explain this as typical behaviour?
Frustration - aggression hypothesis
Rel________ dep________: sense of having less than one is entitled to. This can then lead to anger, frustration, or aggression
Relative Deprivation
If the planning department got less funding than the human resources department, they would feel a sense off fra________ re________ de_________
Fraternalistic relative deprivation
If there was only a set amount of money for both the finance and human resources department, what theory would argue that hostilities would arise and conflict over these scarce resources?
Realistic Group Conflict theory
Conflict will not occur when there is no personal gain for the individuals in the groups according to R_______ G_____ C_______ theory
Realistic Group Conflict Theory
______ _______ theory: we are motivated to maximise our positive distinctiveness of the in-group we are in
Social Identity Theory
Social Identity Theory is based on three central ideas:
- Cat_________
- Id__________
- Com__________
Categorisation; Identification; Comparison
What theory is pertinent to why terrorists become aggressive to others?
Relative Deprivation Theory and Frustration - Aggression Hypothesis
M____ - C_______ principle: we categorise so as to maximise differences between categories and minimise within categories
Meta-Contrast Principle
