Week 2: Chapter 2 Flashcards
_______ effect: The belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behaviour than they really are
Spotlight
Illusion of _________: The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others
transparency
No topic in psychology currently is more heavily researched than the ____
Self
Our sense of ______ organises our thoughts, feelings and actions
self
___-_____: Beliefs about the self that organises and guides the processing of self-relevant information
Self-Schema
The _______ cortex becomes more active the more you think about yourself.
Medial
What brain area helps stitch together your sense of self?
The Medial Cortex
The elements of your self-concept are your self-________
schema
______ are mental templates by which we organise our world
Schemas
_______ selves: images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future
possible
As we enact a new role (university student etc) we initially feel self-_________
conscious
______ ___________: Evaluating one’s abilities and opinions (status also) by comparing oneself with others
Social Comparison
_________ self: Construing one’s identity in relation to others
interdependent
Self-Concept is _________ (context specific ) rather than ________ (enduring across situations
malleable ; stable
For those in ________ cultures, self-esteem is more personal and less relational
individualistic
We are markably bad predictors of what will actually make us ______
happy
_________ fallacy: The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task
Planning
Studies of affective forecasting reveal that people have greatest difficulty predicting the ______ and ______ of their future emotions
intensity; duration
________ bias: Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events
Impact
We are especially prone to impact bias after ______ events
negative
________ neglect: The human tendency to underestimate the speed and the strength of the psychological immune system
immune
Dual Attitudes: Differing _______ (automatic) and _________ (consciously controlled) attitudes towards the same object.
Implicit; Explicit
Self-_______ : A person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth
Esteem
_______ is best when it is true and specific
Feedback
Although shared interests are healthy, _______ career goals may produce tension or jealousy
identical
The reality of our own ________, motivates us to gain recognition from our work and values.
death
High self-esteem becomes especially problematic if it crosses over into _______, or having an inflated sense of self.
narcissism
Effortful ___-______ depletes our limited willpower reserves.
Self-control
Self-__________: A sense that one is competent and effective.
Self-efficacy
_______ of ________: The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance, powerful others or outside forces.
Locus of Control
How much control we feel is related to how we explain _______
setbacks
________ __________: The sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events
learned helplessness
____-______ _____: The tendency to perceive oneself favourably
self-serving bias
People attribute their _________ to their ability, but they attribute _______ to external factors
Success; failure
Situations that combine _____ and ______ are especially prone to the phenomenon of self-serving bias
skill; chance
Self-serving _______: A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors
attributions
Illusory unrealistic optimism increases our v__________
vulnerability
Defensive __________: The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action.
Defensive pessimism
_____ _________ effect: The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours
False Consensus effect
On matters of opinion, we find support for out positions by overestimating the extent to which others agree - a phenomenon known as _______ _________ effect
False Consensus effect
Dawes suggests that the ______ _______ effect occurs because we generalise from a limited sample, which prominently includes ourselves.
False consensus effect
False _________ effect: The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable behaviours with that of others
False uniqueness effect
Self-serving ____ could be a by-product of how we process and remember information about ourselves
bias
non depressed people usually exhibit ____-serving ____
self-serving bias
Self-serving bias also inflates people’s judgements of their groups, a phenomenon known as _____-________ bias
group serving bias
Self - _____________: Protecting one’s self-image with behaviours that create a handy excuse for later failure
handicapping
Self-_____________ refers to our wanting to present a desired image both to an external audience and to an internal audience
Self-presentation
Self-__________ : being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one’s performance to create the desired impression
Self-monitoring
We have evolved with a drive for ___________ (we are social animals)
protoconversation
Is consciousness, experience, and memory involved in our sense of self?
Yes
____-________ - total of a person’s thoughts and feelings that defines the self as an object (what we know about ourselves)
Self-concept
_______ _____ Self - acquire self in reflected appraisals of others
Looking Glass self
George Mead state that the self emerges via _______ interaction
social
________ ___________ : assume point of view of others & observe own behaviour from this perspective (George Mead)
symbolic interactionism
Development of self-________ starts around 18 months
self-awareness
______ - organised system of believes about some stimulus object
schema
Self-_______ - beliefs about the self that organise and guide the processing of self-relevant information
self - schemas
Self-_________ theory: we infer information doubt ourselves by observing our own behaviour (Bem)
self - perception theory
_______________ effect - if there are no external causes for our behaviour, we assume we chose the behaviour because we enjoy it.
Overjustification effect
______ __________ theory: learn about & evaluate ourselves in comparison to others
Social Comparison theory
Self-Discrepancy theory highlights the differences between their actual self, their ______ self, and their ______ self.
ideal; ought;
__________ identity - idiosyncratic aspects of self
personal
________ identity – part of self-concept based on our group memberships.
Social
______________: process via which individuals learn about the rules of behaviour in another culture
Acculturation
Self-_________ feedback (“you tried hard’) results in greater success than self-esteem feedback (“you’re really smart”).
Self-efficacy
Self-________ – a sense that one is competent and effective.
efficacy
______ of _______ – extent to which outcomes are perceived to be internally controllable or externally controlled.
Locus; control
Self-____________ : The development of self-discipline in one area of your life may cause self-control in other areas as well.
Self - determination
Self-_______ __________: attribute positive outcomes internally and negative outcomes externally.
Self-serving attributions
_________ __________: Adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action
Defensive pessimism
_____ _________ effect: Tendency to overestimate the commonality of
one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours
False consensus
________ __________ effect: Tendency to underestimate the commonality of
one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviours
False uniqueness
____ - __________: being attuned to how one presents oneself in social situations & adjusting one’s performance to create the desired impression
Self-monitoring
Excess ______ can increase dissatisfaction and regret
choice
