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Social Psychology > Week 3: Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Week 3: Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

We respond not to reality as it is but to reality as we _______ it

A

construe

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2
Q

Unattended _______ can subtly influence how we interpret and recall events

A

stimuli

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3
Q

_________: Activating particular associations in memory

A

Priming

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4
Q

Depressed moods prime _________ associations

A

negative

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5
Q

“Much of our _______ information processing is automatic”

A

social

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6
Q

______ perseverance: Persistence of one’s initial conceptions as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be survives

A

Belief

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7
Q

What is the remedy for belief perseverance?

A

Explaining the opposite

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8
Q

___________ effect: Incorporating ‘misinformation’ into one’s memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it

A

misinformation effect

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9
Q

________ processing: Explicit thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious

A

Controlled processing

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10
Q

_________ processing: Implicit thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to ‘intuition’

A

automatic

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11
Q

______________ phenomenon: The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs

A

overconfidence

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12
Q

___________ bias: A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions

A

confirmation

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13
Q

______________ bias helps explain why our self-images are so remarkably stable.

A

Confirmation

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14
Q

_____________: A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements

A

Heuristic

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15
Q

_____________ heuristic: The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member

A

representativeness heuristic

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16
Q

____________ heuristic: A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace

A

availability heuristic

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17
Q

The more easily we recall something, the more likely it seems is an example of the _____________ heuristic

A

availability heuristic

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18
Q

______________ thinking: Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.

A

Counterfactual thinking

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19
Q

__________ correlation: Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists.

A

Illusory correlations

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20
Q

_______ of _______: perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one’s control or as more controllable they are.

A

Illusion of control

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21
Q

regression towards the _______: The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behaviour to return towards one’s average

A

Average

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22
Q

Does are mood affect our judgement and social judgement?

A

Definitely

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23
Q

When in a bad ______ we have more depressing thoughts

A

mood

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24
Q

Our ______ colour how we judge our worlds partly by bringing to mind past experiences associated with the _____

A

mood

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25
Q

___________: Mistakenly attributing a behaviour to the wrong source

A

Misattribution

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26
Q

_____________ theory: The theory of how people explain other’s behaviour (by attributing it to internal dispositions or external situations)

A

attribution

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27
Q

__________ attribution: Attributing behaviour to the person’s dispositions and traits

A

Dispositional attribution

28
Q

__________ attribution: Attributing behaviour to the environment

A

Situational attribution

29
Q

Spontaneous ________ ________ : An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behaviour trait inference

A

spontaneous trait inference

30
Q

We explain peoples behaviour via their consistency, distinctiveness, and __________

A

concensus

31
Q

___________ ___________ error: The tendency for observes to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others behaviour

A

Fundamental Attribution error

32
Q

_________ and more socially competent people are MORE likely to make the attribution error

A

Intelligent

33
Q

When our attention focuses upon ourselves, we often attribute _________ to ourselves

A

responsibility

34
Q

Self-_________ ________: A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

A

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

35
Q

behaviour ___________: A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations

A

confirmation

36
Q

Social __________: How we interpret, remember and use information about the social world

A

social cognition

37
Q

Three models of how we perceive the world:

  • Naïve ________ - rational and logical
  • _________ miser - motivated to conserve cognitive resources (cognitive shortcuts)
  • Motivated ________ - multiple cognitive strategies available based on choice
A

Scientist; Cognitive; tactician

38
Q

Impression formation: Two types of traits we identify:
1 ________ - influential in the formation of impressions
2 _________ - insignificant influence in the formation of impressions

A

central; peripheral

39
Q

Types of schemas:

  • P_______ schemas
  • R___ schemas
  • ______
  • ____-schemas
A

Person; Role; Scripts; Self-schemas

40
Q

________ - cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept

A

Schemas

41
Q

__________ tend to be Bias towards their own confirmation

A

Schemas

42
Q

__________ - cognitive representation of the typical qualities of members of some group of category

A

Prototypes

43
Q

__________ - specific examples/instances of category members

A

Exemplars

44
Q

Categorisation leads to ___________

A

stereotypes

45
Q

____________ - widely shared and evaluative image of social groups and its members

A

Stereotypes

46
Q

Schema stereotyping tends to be a ____-______ processing of categorising an individual

A

Top-down process

47
Q

Consistent information is easier to r_______ and r________

A

remember and retrieve

48
Q

___________ - cognitive shortcuts that are mental rules of thumb

A

heuristics

49
Q

__________ heuristic: Assign people to categories based on overall resemblance to categories

A

representativeness heuristic

50
Q

____________ Heuristic: Likelihood of event based on how quickly instances come to mind

A

Availability heuristic

51
Q

___________ heuristic: Biased towards starting value when making quantitive judgements

A

anchoring heuristic

52
Q

______ __________: Assume others behave or think the same way we do

A

False Consensus

53
Q

What are the two processes of impression formation in Dual Process models?

A

Categorisation; Individuation

54
Q 
In the 'Motivated Tactician' model, the strategy you adopt depends on: 
1: T\_\_\_
2 Cognitive \_\_\_\_\_
3 I\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
4 I\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Time; Cognitive Load; Importance; Information

55
Q

Social ___________: Process via which we seek to identify the causes of our own and others behaviour

A

Social attribution

56
Q

Theory of ______ psychology: Attribution allows us to predict and control our environment

A

naïve

57
Q

When we make attributions we make use of 3 classes on information: ____________, ____________, consensus

A

Consistency, distinctiveness, consensus

58
Q

Consensus LOW: No one else
Consistency HIGH: behaviour always occurs
Distinctiveness LOW: Happens elsewhere

Then attribution is _________

A

internal

59
Q

Consensus HIGH: Everyone does it
Consistency HIGHT: Always happens
Distinctiveness HIGH: Happens only here

Then attribution should be ___________

A

External

60
Q

_____________: tendency to see behaviour in terms of underlying or innate properties of people or the groups they belong to

A

Essentialism

61
Q

____-_______ effect: attribute own behaviour to situational causes, other’s behaviour to dispositional causes

A

actor-observer

62
Q

Saying “ I am not going to go well on this test because I am so tired and today was terrible to me” is an example of ____-__________

A

self-handicapping

63
Q

______ ________ error: Attribute good in-group behaviour internally, and attribute bad in-group behaviour externally

A

Ultimate Attribution error

64
Q

A soccer ball is an __________ specific category

A

exemplars

65
Q

A round shape is a _________ of a soccer ball

A

prototype

Social Psychology (13 decks)

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