Week 3: Chapter 3 Flashcards
We respond not to reality as it is but to reality as we _______ it
construe
Unattended _______ can subtly influence how we interpret and recall events
stimuli
_________: Activating particular associations in memory
Priming
Depressed moods prime _________ associations
negative
“Much of our _______ information processing is automatic”
social
______ perseverance: Persistence of one’s initial conceptions as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be survives
Belief
What is the remedy for belief perseverance?
Explaining the opposite
___________ effect: Incorporating ‘misinformation’ into one’s memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it
misinformation effect
________ processing: Explicit thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious
Controlled processing
_________ processing: Implicit thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to ‘intuition’
automatic
______________ phenomenon: The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs
overconfidence
___________ bias: A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions
confirmation
______________ bias helps explain why our self-images are so remarkably stable.
Confirmation
_____________: A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements
Heuristic
_____________ heuristic: The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member
representativeness heuristic
____________ heuristic: A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace
availability heuristic
The more easily we recall something, the more likely it seems is an example of the _____________ heuristic
availability heuristic
______________ thinking: Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.
Counterfactual thinking
__________ correlation: Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists.
Illusory correlations
_______ of _______: perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one’s control or as more controllable they are.
Illusion of control
regression towards the _______: The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behaviour to return towards one’s average
Average
Does are mood affect our judgement and social judgement?
Definitely
When in a bad ______ we have more depressing thoughts
mood
Our ______ colour how we judge our worlds partly by bringing to mind past experiences associated with the _____
mood
___________: Mistakenly attributing a behaviour to the wrong source
Misattribution
_____________ theory: The theory of how people explain other’s behaviour (by attributing it to internal dispositions or external situations)
attribution
__________ attribution: Attributing behaviour to the person’s dispositions and traits
Dispositional attribution
__________ attribution: Attributing behaviour to the environment
Situational attribution
Spontaneous ________ ________ : An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behaviour trait inference
spontaneous trait inference
We explain peoples behaviour via their consistency, distinctiveness, and __________
concensus
___________ ___________ error: The tendency for observes to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others behaviour
Fundamental Attribution error
_________ and more socially competent people are MORE likely to make the attribution error
Intelligent
When our attention focuses upon ourselves, we often attribute _________ to ourselves
responsibility
Self-_________ ________: A belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
behaviour ___________: A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations
confirmation
Social __________: How we interpret, remember and use information about the social world
social cognition
Three models of how we perceive the world:
- Naïve ________ - rational and logical
- _________ miser - motivated to conserve cognitive resources (cognitive shortcuts)
- Motivated ________ - multiple cognitive strategies available based on choice
Scientist; Cognitive; tactician
Impression formation: Two types of traits we identify:
1 ________ - influential in the formation of impressions
2 _________ - insignificant influence in the formation of impressions
central; peripheral
Types of schemas:
- P_______ schemas
- R___ schemas
- ______
- ____-schemas
Person; Role; Scripts; Self-schemas
________ - cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept
Schemas
__________ tend to be Bias towards their own confirmation
Schemas
__________ - cognitive representation of the typical qualities of members of some group of category
Prototypes
__________ - specific examples/instances of category members
Exemplars
Categorisation leads to ___________
stereotypes
____________ - widely shared and evaluative image of social groups and its members
Stereotypes
Schema stereotyping tends to be a ____-______ processing of categorising an individual
Top-down process
Consistent information is easier to r_______ and r________
remember and retrieve
___________ - cognitive shortcuts that are mental rules of thumb
heuristics
__________ heuristic: Assign people to categories based on overall resemblance to categories
representativeness heuristic
____________ Heuristic: Likelihood of event based on how quickly instances come to mind
Availability heuristic
___________ heuristic: Biased towards starting value when making quantitive judgements
anchoring heuristic
______ __________: Assume others behave or think the same way we do
False Consensus
What are the two processes of impression formation in Dual Process models?
Categorisation; Individuation
In the 'Motivated Tactician' model, the strategy you adopt depends on: 1: T\_\_\_ 2 Cognitive \_\_\_\_\_ 3 I\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4 I\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Time; Cognitive Load; Importance; Information
Social ___________: Process via which we seek to identify the causes of our own and others behaviour
Social attribution
Theory of ______ psychology: Attribution allows us to predict and control our environment
naïve
When we make attributions we make use of 3 classes on information: ____________, ____________, consensus
Consistency, distinctiveness, consensus
Consensus LOW: No one else
Consistency HIGH: behaviour always occurs
Distinctiveness LOW: Happens elsewhere
Then attribution is _________
internal
Consensus HIGH: Everyone does it
Consistency HIGHT: Always happens
Distinctiveness HIGH: Happens only here
Then attribution should be ___________
External
_____________: tendency to see behaviour in terms of underlying or innate properties of people or the groups they belong to
Essentialism
____-_______ effect: attribute own behaviour to situational causes, other’s behaviour to dispositional causes
actor-observer
Saying “ I am not going to go well on this test because I am so tired and today was terrible to me” is an example of ____-__________
self-handicapping
______ ________ error: Attribute good in-group behaviour internally, and attribute bad in-group behaviour externally
Ultimate Attribution error
A soccer ball is an __________ specific category
exemplars
A round shape is a _________ of a soccer ball
prototype
