Week 12 Helping and Prosocial Behaviour FINAL EXAM Flashcards
_______ ___________: acts that are positively valued by society
Prosocial Behaviour
______ ________: voluntary acts that intentionally benefit someone else
helping behaviour
if you are forced to assist someone is it defined as helping behaviour?
No
_________ helping: helping where the goal of the helper is to increase their own welfare
egoistic helping
________ behaviour - helping where the goal of the helper is to increase another welfare without expecting anything in return
Altruistic helping
________ ___________: human interactions are transactions that aim to maximise one’s rewards and minimise one’s costs
Social Exchange
_______ ________: rewards that motivate people can be internal or external
Social Exchange
_______-_________ model is based on social exchange theory
Bystander-calculus model
________-_______ model: bystanders calculate the perceived costs and benefits of providing help
Bystander-calculus model
Different stages in the Bystander-Calculus Model:
1 Phy________ arousal
2 Labelling the ________
3 Calculate the c_____
Physiological; arousal; costs
What are the two labels for labelling arousal in the Bystander-Calculus model?
Personal distress; empathetic concern
Costs in the Bystander-Calculus model:
- e_______ costs
- p________ costs
empathy costs; personal costs
In Pillivians train experiment, did the ‘ill’ or ‘drunk’ person receive more help?
the ‘ill’ person, which is congruent with the Bystander-Calculus Model
________ norm: expectation that people will help those who have helped them
Reciprocity norm
S_____ R_________ norm: help others who are dependent and in need
Social Responsibility norm
S______ J________ norm: help only when others deserve our assistance
Social Justice Norm
If we attribute the need for help to external, uncontrollable causes then we are more likely to feel ________ and to help
sympathy
______ _______ hypothesis: the world is a just place where people get what they deserve
Just World Hypothesis
____ __________: preference for helping blood relatives - increases the likelihood of gene transmission
Kin Selection
____________ : help others because we expect them to reciprocate the help
Reciprocity
_____ _________: groups who help each other out tend to survive longer
Group selection
Is operant or classical conditioning involved in learning theory of why we help?
Operant, reinforcement for appropriate helping behaviour
Is observational learning involved in why we learn to help?
Yes, parents and media modelling prosocial behaviours
__________-_________ hypothesis: is helping behaviour based on egoistic or altruistic motivations?
Empathy - Altruistic Hypothesis
In the Empathy - Altruistic hypothesis, __________ ________ is the feeling of when you focus on your own feelings, (alarmed, upset, troubled)
personal distress
In the Empathy - Altruistic hypothesis, __________ ________ is the feeling of what the victim feels
empathetic concern
In the Empathy - Altruistic hypothesis, our behaviour depends on what __________ we take
perspective
If _________ ________ is low, reduce personal distress either by helping or escaping
empathetic concern
If ________ ______ is high, only one option, must help
empathetic concern
What processes underlie the bystander effect? (Situational)
- Diffusion of __________
- Audience __________
- social i__________
responsibility; inhibition; influence
Diffusion of ____________; assume others will take responsilbity
responsilbity
________ _________: fear negative evaluation from others if intervene and situations is not an emergency
Audience Inhibition
______ ______ - look to others as a model for action (normative and informational influence)
Social Influence
What personality factors have been studied in regards to the Bystander - Effect?
- Social res__________
- (internal;external) locus of control
- Dispositional em________
- Self-monitoring
responsibility; internal;
Is self-efficacy related to the Bystander Effect?
Yes
(Men/Women) are more likely to help in a danger situation and also when there is an audience
Men
(Men/Women) are more likely to help in a danger situation and also when there is an audience
Men
______-______ model: mood-congruent information in memory more accessible towards helping behaviour
Affect-priming model
______-reparation hypothesis: want to make up for guilty act
Image-reparation hypothesis
________ state ______ model: helping provides relief from a negative mood
Negative state relief model
________: A motive to increase another’s welfare without conscious regard for one’s self interests
Altruism
________ behaviour: Any behaviour that benefits or positively affects individuals or groups
Prosocial behaviour
_____ _______: the theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximise one’s rewards and minimise one’s costs
Social Exchange
The cost of NOT helping and the cost of helping is weighed up in the _______-_________ model
Bystander-Calculus model
Rewards that motivate helping can be e______ or i_______
external; internal
Our eagerness to do good after doing bad reflects our need to reduce _____ guilt and restore a shaken s____-i_____
private; self-image
The feel bad - do good effect only occurs with people whose attention is on themselves or others?
Others
According to the _______-and-_______ theory, positive emotions tend to broaden our thought-action repertoires
broaden and build theory
Social _______: the mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network
Social Capital
One form of self-sacrifice that would increase ____ survival is devotion to one’s children
gene
G______ relatedness predicts helping behaviour
Genetic
What is an example of altruistic modelling?
Driving down the highway and seeings someone helping another with a flat tyre. If you then again see someone with a flat tyre, you are more likely to help.
In the empathy-altruism hypothesis, what are the two emotions that you could potentially experience?
Personal distress; Empathetic concern
The by_________ effect is less pronounced in dangerous situations
bystander effect
How can we improve prosocial behaviour?
- Reduce amb________
- Increase res________
- Increase gui___
- Increase grat_____ and forg______
Ambiguity; Responsibility; Guilt; gratitude; forgiveness
How can we improve prosocial behaviour?
- Reduce amb________
- Increase res________
- Increase gui___
- Increase grat_____ and forg______
Ambiguity; Responsibility; Guilt; gratitude; forgiveness
Factors that influence helping in an emergency: 1 Presence of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2 Sit\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Am\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3 Personal com\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 4 Perceived c\_\_\_\_\_ of helping 5 Perceived r\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of helping 6 Sim\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to victim
Others; Situational Ambiguity; Competence; costs; rewards; similarity
______ __________: reduction in individual effort when working as a collective rather than an alone
Social Loafing
__________ ______: being aware of a negative stereotype associated with your group leads to impaired performance on a stereotypical task
Stereotype threat
E__________ A_________ and self - M__________ affect stereotype threat
Evaluation apprehension; Self-monitoring
Factors in Milgram study? 1 Immediacy of v\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2 Prox\_\_\_\_\_\_ of experimenter 3 Legitimacy of authority 4 Status of in\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 5 Presence of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ who obey or disobey
Victim; Proximity; Institution; others
According to the Stereotype Content Model, we tend to stereotype out groups on two fundamental dimensions: _______ and ________
Warmth; Competence
Stereotypes of the elderly typically have high _______ and low __________
warmth; competence
The _____ ______ ______ purports to measure unconscious attitudes towards the target group
Implicit Association Test
________ prejudice is automatic, unintentional and operates outside of conscious thought
Implicit Prejudice
Individuals consuming more than their share of a common resource ultimately leads to a loss of resource for all is known as……
the tragedy of the commons
Happy people tend to be more h_________ people
helpful
What two social norms influence why we help?
Reciprocity norm; social responsibility norm
