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Social Psychology > Week 6: FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

Week 6: FINAL EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

_________ : refers to group connectedness and perception of a group

A

Entitativity

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2
Q

What groups has the most elements of cohesion?

A

Intimacy groups

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3
Q

____ groups are typically work colleagues, committees and work groups

A

Task groups

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4
Q

_____ categories: Women, Muslim, British,

A

Social

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5
Q

loose __________: people who line on the same street, people who like rock music are examples

A

associations

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6
Q

_______ categories are how we stereotype people

A

social categories

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7
Q

Group ______ - distinguish between different activities within the group

A

roles

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8
Q

Group _______ - some roles within a group are more prestigious or have higher status,

A

status

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9
Q

Is proximity a determinant in our intention to join a group?

A

yes, we would join a group which is closer than further away

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10
Q

Why do people join groups?

  • P_______
  • to accomplish goals or t____
  • to avoid l_________
  • For ___________ support
  • __________ reduction
A

proximity; tasks; loneliness; emotional; uncertainty

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11
Q

Social _________ : exclusion from group by common consent

A

ostracism

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12
Q

Social __________ : tendency to perform better when others are present

A

facilitation

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13
Q

Social _________: detriment in performance when others are present

A

inhibition

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14
Q

______ theory of social facilitation: physical presence of others leads to arousal, motivates performance of dominant response

A

Drive theory

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15
Q

______ theory of social facilitation: presence of others facilities performance on skilled tasks, impairs performance on unskilled tasks

A

Drive theory

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16
Q

________ ______________ model: apprehension about evaluations leads to arousal which leads to increased drive & social facilitation

A

Evaluation Apprehension

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17
Q

_______ - _________ theory of facilitation: conflict occurs when person simultaneously pays attention to task & others

A

Distraction-conflict theory

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18
Q

Self-_______ theory of social facilitation: when people become self-aware they make comparisons between the actual and ideal self

A

Self-discrepancy theory

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19
Q

______ ________: a reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task compared
to working alone

A

Social Loafing

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20
Q

________ _______ - losses of productivity due to problems of coordinating individual members.

A

coordination loss

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21
Q

____________ ____ - losses due to decreases in individual members’ motivation

A

motivation loss

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22
Q

Why does social loafing occur?

  • output e____
  • E_________ A_________
  • ___________ of responsibility
A

equity; Evaluation Apprehension; Diffusion of responsibility

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23
Q

_________ of __________: people feel less personally responsible in a group

A

Diffusion of Responsibility

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24
Q

C_________ E________ model: links between individual’s efforts & their outcomes are weaker when working with others in a group

A

Collective Effort Model

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25
Q

____________: A mode of thinking that individuals engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.

A

Groupthink

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26
Q

excessive group cohesiveness can cause g________

A

groupthink

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27
Q

____________: process via which leaders influence and motivate group members toward the achievement of group goals

A

Leadership

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28
Q

______-_______ theory - best leaders are born with certain characteristics

A

great-person

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29
Q

‘____-_____’ - leadership depends on being in right place at right time

A

the times

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30
Q

Bales (1950)
• _____ specialist - leader focuses on
getting task done
• ________ specialist - focuses on maintaining friendly relations in the group, builds teamwork, mediates conflict.

A

task; socioemotional

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31
Q

___________ ________: leaders motivate followers to work for group goals, rather than self interest.

A

Transformational leadership

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32
Q

Transformational leadership
3 characteristics:
– C_________
– I____________ consideration – treat each group member with respect.
– ___________ stimulation – encourage group members to think in novel ways to solve problems.

A

Charismatic; Individualised consideration; Intellectual Stimulation

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33
Q

Is extraversion or introversion a correlate of leadership?

A

Extraversion

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34
Q

leaders have a chronic tendency to be either ____-oriented or _____-_______ oriented.

A

task- orientated; socio-emotional

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35
Q

Effectiveness of leadership style depends upon situational control which depends upon 3 factors

  1. Leader-member r_______
  2. T____ structure
  3. Position power/L________ authority
A

relations; task; Legitimate

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36
Q

______________ – process via which people lose their sense of socialised individual identity & engage in unsocialised, often antisocial, behaviours.

A

deindividuation

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37
Q

3 factors working together produce violent, antisocial crowd behaviour
– A__________
– Con______
– S___________

A

Anonymity; Contagion; Suggestibility

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38
Q

Role of ______ - deindividuation does not necessarily lead to anti-social behaviour

A

norms

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39
Q

Crowd behaviour is ___________ behaviour

A

intergroup

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40
Q

individuals do not lose ________ in crowds, but take on different identities (social identities).

A

identity

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41
Q

Shift from personal to __________ self – behaviours adopted depend upon social norms of group identity.

A

collective

42
Q

A ______ is two or more people that interact and influence one another

A

group

43
Q

Social ________ : the strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others

A

facilitation

44
Q

Social arousal facilitates _________ responses, whether right or wrong

A

dominant

45
Q

Evaluation _________: Concern for how others are evaluating us

A

Evaluation Apprehension

46
Q

The enhancement of dominant responses in strongest when people think they are being __________

A

evaluated

47
Q

Why are we aroused in the presence of others?
1 E_________ A_________
2 Dis_______
3 Mere _______

A

Evaluation Apprehension; Distraction; Mere Presence

48
Q

Social _________: the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts towards a common goal than when they are individually accountable

A

loafing

49
Q

Evaluation apprehension is _________ when in a group, which leads to social loafing

A

decreased

50
Q

Is social loafing prevalent in just individualistic cultures?

A

No, in collectivist as well

51
Q

People in groups social loaf (more/less) when the task is challenging, appealing, or involving

A

less

52
Q

Groups loaf (more/less) when they are working with friends

A

less

53
Q

_____________: Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.

A

Deindividuation

54
Q

In the Social ________ model of __________ effects (SIDE), deindividuation should not be seen as a loss of self, but instead a shift from the personal self to the collective self, with positive or negative behaviours depending on the social rules and norms of the group

A

Social Identity model of Dindividuation Effects

55
Q

Group experiences that diminish self-___________ tend to disconnect behaviour from attitudes

A

consciousness

56
Q

Self-___________ is the opposite of deindividuation

A

Self-Awareness

57
Q

The ______- shift: Group decision are often riskier than individual decisions

A

Risky - Shift

58
Q

Group ___________: discussion typically strengthens the average inclination of group members

A

Group Polarisation

59
Q

Social comparison is involved in normative or informational influence

A

normative influence

60
Q

___________ ignorance: A false impression of what most other people are thinking of feeling, or how they are responding

A

Pluralistic Ignorance

61
Q

The tendency of decision-making group to suppress dissent in the interest of group harmony is known as ________

A

groupthink

62
Q

Groupthink occurs because of:
1 a co_______ group
2 relative iso________ of the group from dissenting viewpoints
3 a d_________ l_________ who signals what decision they favour

A

cohesive; isolations; directive leader

63
Q

The eight symptoms of groupthink are a collective form of __________ reduction that surfaces as group members try to maintain their positive group feeling when facing a treat

A

dissonance

64
Q

_________ symptoms can produce a failure to seek and discuss contrary information and alternative possibilities

A

Groupthink

65
Q

Group brainstorming is more productive when it (precedes/follows) solo brainstorming

A

precedes

66
Q

__________-_______ effect: the tendency for people with minority views to express them less quickly than do people in the majority

A

minority - slowness effect

67
Q

Any behaviour by the minority that conveys ____-_______, tends to raise self-doubts among the majority

A

self-confidence

68
Q

____________ influence and ____________ influence fuel both group polarisation and minority influence

A

Informational; Normative

69
Q

Colleagues, committees and work groups would fit into the ____ group category

A

task

70
Q

What are the three human needs that groups facilitate?

A

Affiliation; Achievement; Social identity

71
Q

pro_______ is one of the determinants of why people join groups

A

proximity

72
Q

______ ________ : exclusion from group by common consent

A

Social Ostracism

73
Q

__________ loss: losses of productivity due to problems of coordinating individual members

A

Coordination loss

74
Q

__________ is a key component when defining a group

A

interaction

75
Q

“A group is formed when people perceive themselves as ‘__’ in contrast to ‘____’; this is where a social identity is formed

A

Us; Them

76
Q

__-______: co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity

A

Co-actors

77
Q

If social arousal facilitates dominant responses, it should boost performance on ____ tasks and hurt performance on _____ tasks

A

easy; difficult

78
Q

How did Robert Zajonc further our understanding of social facilitation?

A

Using arousal theory and the idea that social arousal should facilitate easy tasks and hinder our performance on hard tasks

79
Q

Women, Muslims and the British are all ________ _________

A

social categories

80
Q

A person that lives in the same street is an example of a _______ associations

A

loose associations

81
Q

Zajonc’s _____ theory of facilitation: physical presence of others leads to arousal, motivates performance of dominant responses

A

Drive theory

82
Q

What three reasons explain why we are so aroused when others are around?

A

Evaluation apprehension; Distraction; Mere presence

83
Q

________-________ theory of social facilitation: we are distracted by a crowd that are watching us and that conflicts with our performance thus increasing arousal

A

Distraction - Conflict theory of social facilitation

84
Q

___-________ theory: when people become self-aware they make comparisons between their actual and ideal self. Which then increases motivation to consolidate both together

A

Self-Discrepancy theory

85
Q

_______ ______ model: links between individual’s efforts and their outcomes weaken when working with others in a group

A

Collective Effort Model

86
Q

When all members get equal shares in the task reward, ______ ________ is more likely to occur

A

Social Loafing

87
Q

The larger a group gets, the less personal ______ a single person has

A

identity

88
Q

Aggressive outbursts by large groups are often preceded by ___ actions that arouse and divert people’s attention

A

minor actions

89
Q

Deindividuation is less likely when individual ___-________ is high

A

self-awareness

90
Q

Is electronic brainstorming or brain writing better?

A

Brainstorming

91
Q

What requires more effort, brainstorming or brainwriting?

A

Brainwriting because it requires more effort to read others ideas

92
Q

_____ __________: Group-produced enhancement of members pre-existing tendencies

A

Group polarisation

93
Q

_____ ___________: discussion typically strengthens the average inclination of group members

A

Group Polarisation

94
Q

___________ influence: influence that results from accepting evidence about reality

A

Informational influence

95
Q

__________ influence: influence based on a person’s desire to be accepted or admired by others

A

normative influence

96
Q

Ref______ in________ influence examines the interrelationship of normative and informational influence and how both are shaped by group identities

A

Referent Informational Influence

97
Q

Pl________ Ig_________: a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding

A

Pluralistic Ignorance

98
Q

Brainstorming in _______ groups is less efficient than ______ groups

A

larger; smaller

99
Q

Task leaders have a ________ style; Social Leaders have a _________ style

A

directive; democratic

100
Q

__________ theory: leaders will either be task-orientated or socio-emotional - orientated

A

Contingency Theory

101
Q

In ______ ________ theory of leadership, a leader is the in-group prototype

A

social identity theory

Social Psychology (13 decks)

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