WEEK 9 COMPLETED SET Flashcards
Testosterone in sexual motivation
higher levels= increased sex drive
serotonin role in sexual motivation
higher levels= decreased sex drive
oxytocin in sexual motivation
higher during affectionate interaction-mother child relationship etc
what are master and johnsons 4 phases of sexual response
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
what factors impact sexual behavior
length of time with the partner, age, cultural norms eg. importance of chastity varies.
what influences interpersonal attraction
proximity and nearness, similarity, reciprocity, and levels of physical attraction
what are some sex differences in sexual attraction
males place more emphasis on looks, younger mates
female on financial stability and older mates
what is interesting about the Average Face
found more attractive, maybe due to being more symmetrical, maybe due to preference of similarity- holds up across cultures.
what is Sternberg’s triangular theory of love?
intimacy, passion and commitment- all three together, consummate love- long term commitment.
what is Hatfield and Rapson’s theory of love?
compassionate and passionate love.
Sternbergs theory of hate
hate consists of negation of intimacy, passion and commitment. combinations of these lead to different types of hatred- all three leads to burning hatred
what is achievement motivation
the need to be successful and avoid failure
what traits do high achievers often tend to possess?
select attainable but reasonably difficult tasks, more persistent, take pride in achieving, attribute past success to themselves and failure to external factors
what is achievement motivation made up of?
performance goals and mastery goals
what are mastery goals
desire to improve ability and skills, more intrinsic value
what are performance goals?
desire to attain a certain level- focussed on outcome
includes approach goals- motivation to achieve goal and avoidance goals- motivation is fear of failure
physical dependence theories of addiction
cycle of taking drugs, trying to stop, restarting due to unplesant withdrawral symptoms, detoxification clinic treatments are based on this premise
problems with physical dependance theories of addiction
some drugs eg cocaine, have few withdrawal symptoms and many people will have an irregular drug taking rountine
Positive incentive theories of addiction
anticipation and craving of the positive effects associated witht he substance- and negative effects of not taking the drug
incentive-sensitisation theory
the more a drug is used, the greater the positive incentive value becomes- explains why we crave even when built up a tolerance.
what is motivation
the driving force behund behaviour- determines aims and goals and strenth determines likelyhood of achieving them, influences by external and internal factors
what is drive
state of arousal that drives behaviour caused by an unmet need
what are primary needs
innate needs such as food, water, sex- we are more focused on things most needed for survival eg. thirst more than hunger
what are secondary drives
learned through association with primary drives, *addiction is similar to this
what is drive reduction theory
unmet needs= unpleasent internal state
behaviours reduce unpleasent state=drive reduction- drive reduction is rewarding and repreated in future as we try to maintain homostasis- need-drive-reducing behaviours
limitations of drive reduction theory
- external stimuli can activate drives eg. not hungry until smell food
- motivated by things that dont reduce drives
- engange in behaviours even when statisfied
what is arousal theory
we are motivated 2 maintain or restore an optimum level of arousal
what is yerkes-dodson law
inverted U-shape relationship between arousal and performance- optimum lvel at the top
what is stimulus hunger
can occur when under aroused eg. fidgetting, fantasting `
what is approach in motivation
predisposition towards stimuli eg. food
what is avoidance in motivation
predisposition away from from stimuli- can be in conflict to approach
what is incentive theory
we are motivated by positive goals and desired outcomes
what is intrinsive motivation
behaviour driven by internal rewards eg. enjoyment of act
what is extrinsic motivation
behaviour driven by external reward/beneft
what is expectancy value theory
motivation influenced by both value placed on a goal and the percieved ability to achieve it
value=do i want to do this? is it worth it?
expectancy=can i do this? am i capable?
what are reward pathways
system of dopamine producing neurons extending from midbrain to frontal and limbic areas- dopamine is released when a stimulus is rewarding- this acts as a learning signal 2 repeat behaviours
what is the humanistic perspective of motivation
desire 4 personal growth motivates behaviour eg. maslows hirarcy, lower levels must be fufilled before higher levels
what is metabolism
the transformation of food into energy
set point theory of eating
we have a genetically programmed set point or optimum level of body fat and metabolism which is maintained by homeostasis
limits of set point eating theory
conflicts with evolutionary theories, doesnt explain eating disorders/obesity, ignores learning and psyc social factors
positive-incentive perspective of eating
the primary reasons for eating is the expected pleasure of eating
*this is due to physiologicsal and evolution mechanisms, learnt responses and social influences
what is a positive-incentive value
anticipated pleasure oof performing a particular behaviour
what is the glucostatic theory of eating
hunger is signalled when BGL drops/increses, insulin is released when we eat, allows glucose to enter cells and provides satietuy signals to hypothalamus
glucostatic theory of eating: what is leptin
hormone that signals about fat stores
glucostatic theory of eating: hormones
hormones from the stomach/intensitne signal hunger (ghrelin) or satiety (chloecystokinin) to hypothalamus ad nutrient/stretch receptors in sotmach/intestine send messages to hypothalamus to indicate fullness
brain mechanisms of eating
damage to lateral hypothalamus=reduced hunger
damage to ventromedial hypothalamus= increased hunger
psychosocial motivations to eat
taste: innate preference 4 sweet food/variety of
classical conditioning: conditioned to eat at a cetain time
presence of others: likely to eat more in the presence of others
anxiety reduction: comfort eating
evolutionary pressures of weight gain
those most likely to survive ate more high calorie foods, as much as possible when possible, and were able to store and use fat effectivly
cultural pressures of weight gain
portion distoriton, beliefs around eating
physiological/ genetic pressures of weight gain
leptin deficiency, difficultly recognising full and storing fat effectivly, polygenetic effects, melanocortin- 4 gene mutation= inability to feel feel
obesitity may change stretch receptiors in stomach
neurological pressures of weight gain
sensitivity to reward, increased motivation to derive pleasure from eating
reward decificiency syndrome
hypoactivity in the reward pathwyas * excessive eating occurs to increase reward responses
