WEEK 8 COMPLETED SET Flashcards
what is emotion
an evaluative response- positive or negative which usually includes physiological arousal, it is a subjective experience, and includes behavioural expression
what is affect in emotion
pattern of behaviours that express emotions
what is mood
a more general emotional state that may or may not be externally expressed- related to emotion- may change how we express emotion
what do elliot and gage show about emotion
they display the link between, logic, reasoning, thinking and how you feel/emotion
what is expression
the overt signs of emotion- appearance of emotion
what is emotional valence
whether emotion is positive or negative and how much so. Includes pos and neg affect, which affects behaviour
What is positive affect
associated with pleasure seeking- approach oriented behaviour- makes us do it. Reinforcement. possibly left frontal lobe
Negative affect
related to avoidance behaviours- possibly in right frontal lobe
what is discrete emotion theory
humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are seperate from culture/enviroment and are universal, occur before thought, and have distinct physiological responses.
what is darwins theory of emotion
an evolutionary perspective which suggests that emotions serve adaptive purposes, therefore increasing chances of survival
What is the adaptive value of disgust?
makes you less likely to consume toxic substances
What is the adaptive value of fear?
eyes widen to help recognise and see dangerous things
What is the adaptive value of jealously?
fists clenched and teeth bared makes you ready to fight
what are the seven primary emotions?
Anger, Fear, Disgust, Surprise, Happiness, Sadness, Contempt
what are secondary emotions
When two or more primary emotions result in secondary ones.
what are the physiological responses related to anger and fear
increased heart rate, and change in digestive system speed
what is the james lange theory of emotion?
An emotional inducing stimuli causes a behavioural and bodily response which causes our subjective interpretation of this arousal as an emotion
What is evidence for James-Lange theory of Emotion?
Hohmann 1966 suggested that high spinal damage is associated withe reduced subjective emotion
What is evidence AGAINST James-Lange theory of Emotion?
Emotional responses can be faster than physiological responses and we are not always aware of bodily reaction
Somantic Marker Theory of Emotion
Gut reactions and physiological responses unconsciously directs our decision making and emotional reactions- However, people without an autonomic nerve system can still make decisions w/out bodily feedback
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Emotional and behavioural responses are elicited simultaneously and independently.
What is evidence AGAINST Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
somatic and autonomic responses can influence emotional responses in some cases
Appraisal Theory of Emotion (By Lazarus)
emotion arises from appraisal of stimulus- suggests that emotions will vary depending on the significance of a stimulus. Starts with perception, followed by cognitive appraisal, emotion and THEN response
Two Factor theory of emotion (Singer-Shacter)
Perception, followed by general arousal, cognition and then emotion. Suggests, first there is unspecified autonomic arousal followed by cogntive interpretation based on events.
evidence for two factor theory of emotion
people rate opposite as more attractive if they have just been on a rollercoaster.
Evidence AGAINST two factory theory of emotion
emotion can occur without arousal
What is reframing emotion?
reframing the meaning of an event before emotional response occurs can reduce negative effect of an emotion. This is learnt and helps to change the way we react
What is suppression emotion?
Suppression after the emotional response leads to increased autonomic arousal. This is learnt and helps to change the way we react
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
You are more likely to feel emotions that correspond to your facial features
How is the amygdala involved in emotion?
learning, recognising and responding to emotion - specifically fear
How is the hypothalamus involved in emotion?
regulates autonomic nervous system and endocrine system (via pituitary gland) which activates the flight or flight response
How is the hippocampus involved in emotion?
Encoding new LTM’s including emotional information through interaction with amygdala- influenced by context
How is the cingulate cortex involved in emotion?
controlling and interpreting emotional experience and interpreting/engaging in social behavior-
What is Kluver-Bucy Syndrom
bilateral removal/ damage to the amydgala- major symptoms include lack of fear, urge to put things in the mouth, memory loss, and hyper sexuality
How is the prefrotalcortex involved in emotion?
cognitive appraisal of emotional information, conscious decisions based on emotional information, interpreting meaning of peripheral responses, regulation of emotional responses and expression
How is the insula cortex involved in emotion?
involved in recognition/ experience of disgust and plays a broad role in interpretation and integrating affective and cognitive processes.
What is the high and low road pathways?
involved in emotion, low road= fast subcortical pathway via thalamus-rapid threat detection
High road= slower cortical pathway, caused more complex analysis - brings info back into amygdala
what is the effect of mood on cognition?
influence memory capacity, problem solving, decision making, judgements, inferences and predictions, bias our attention, expectations and recall
what is the mere exposure effect?
we like more familiar stimuli, due to easier to process?
Caveats of high and low load pathways
emotion activates widespread areas of brain ( not just amygdala& prefrontal cortex), emotion areas also involved in other processes, no brain structures r linked 2 one emotion, same stim differen activaton in other people
effect of posture
can communicate emotions largely in unconcious ways
effect of gestures
can convery emotion through illustrators or manipulators
effect of emblems
more culture specific gestures eg. thumbs up
effect of non-verbal gestures
often a powerful cue that we are trying to hide an emotion
effect of microexpression
brief 1/15th-1/25th second expressions which occur when trying to conceal emotion
what are proxemics:
study of personal space- correlated with emotional distance, moderate cultural sex and ages differeences
four levels of person space distance
- public 12ft 2. social 4-12ft 3. personal 1.5-4ft 4. intimate 0-1.5ft
what is the broaden and build theory of happiness
happiness predisposes us 2 think more openly allowing us to see the big picture - optimists tend to be happier than pesimists and tend to cope better with bad life events and may live longer
people are happier when..
married, education, religious, do exercise, many close friends, flow, reasonable income, giving, gratitude, individualistic cultures
people are not necessarily happier from..
experiences, money, youth, never being worried
what is affective forcasting
making decisions about a life event and estimating hoow happy that choice will make us
what is durability bias
overestimating the long term impact of events on our mood
what is the hedonic treadmill effect?
the observed tendency of humans to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness despite major positive or negative events or life changes.- we bounce up and down a set point of happiness
what is self esteme
a persons evaluation of their worth- many people think this causes unhappiness but no scientific evidence for this- low relationship to sucess
what are positive illusions of self esteeme
the tendency to percieve ourselves more positivly than others do
what is positive psychology
emphasises human strengths, resilience, coping, life satisfaction, love and happiness
