WEEK 7 COMPLETED SET

Question 1

what is language

Answer 1

a system of symbols, soundsm signs, meanings and the rules for combining them

Question 2

what are phonems

Answer 2

the smallest unit of sound in a language- different sounds count in different languages eg. th, a t, s, ch

Question 3

what are morphems

Answer 3

the smallest unit of meaning in a language- many are whole words but others are parts ge pre… s.. ing.. ed..

Question 4

what is syntax

Answer 4

gramatical rules for ordering and modifying words- allows us to alter surface structure but maintain deep structure

Question 5

what are semantics

Answer 5

the literal meaning of morphems, words and sentances- meaning is very specific, english has very few true synonyms but many homonyms

Question 6

what are pragmatics

Answer 6

extra linguistic information- the way language is used and understood, literal meaning is not always the intended one- beyond actual words- can depend on relationships

Question 7

what is non-verbal communication

Answer 7

body language, facial expression, vocalisations gasps and sighs
differ across cultures, or same

Question 8

what is babbeling?

Answer 8

intentional but meaningless vocalisation- where we learn to produce phonemes, start with all phonemes but end up better at distinguishing phonems of native language

Question 9

the process of learning words

Answer 9

6mths= own name 
9-12mnths=understand other words
12 mnths= first words
12-18mnths=20-100words
24mnths= hundreds
48mnths=thousands of words

Question 10

early linguistic errors in phonemes

Answer 10

children pronounce words imperfectly due to production contraints (not lack of knowlegde)

Question 11

early linguistic errors in semantics

Answer 11

hard to learn exactly what words mean- use over extention/generalisation or under

Question 12

what are holophrases

Answer 12

developed later in childhood, single word phrases- #of words gradually increases, as does word order

Question 13

development of extra linguistic communication is…

Answer 13

gradual, 24mnths=point, look2 understand emotional tone, take years 2 understand sarcasm and irony

Question 14

bilinguals show..

Answer 14

same progress as monolingual aquisition, slight delay in syntax not vocab tho, superior metalinguisitic awareness

Question 15

sign language is..

Answer 15

a complete language system, generative with syntatic structure, some signs are iconic but many are arbitary, uses language and spatial areas of the brain

Question 16

Imitation/learning theory of language suggests…

Answer 16

language is learned through immatiation and classical and operant conditioning- eg parents model shape and reinforce childrens responses.

Question 17

critisism of Immitation/learning theory of language

Answer 17

children generate new word/new word combos and parents reinforce meaning but not grammar

Question 18

Nativist/innatist theory of language suggests…

Answer 18

chomsy and pinker- language acquisition device is built in= neural structures for acquiring language, explains rapid aquisition, similarity of learning amount children and language, and specialised brain areas

Question 19

critisisms of Nativist/innatist theory of language

Answer 19

why is grammar learned so slowly, descriptive theory, doesnt explain how it occurs or generate a testable hypothesis

Question 20

social pragmatic theory of language suggests…

Answer 20

language learnt from enviroment but emphasises the social context of language eg. infant directed speech, gramatical feedback, joint attention, social interaction

Question 21

critisisms of social pragmatic theory of language

Answer 21

social cues may be more difficult to use than theory suggests, or other non social cues r used

Question 22

general cognitive processing theory of language suggests..

Answer 22

learning language is like anythingelse, ability to perceive, learn and recognise patterns is enough to learn language

Question 23

criticisms of general cognitive processing theory of language

Answer 23

children are better than adults at learning (critical development period), distinct cognitive processes occur during language processing, has its own side must be special

Question 24

examples of animal communication include..

Answer 24

bees waggle dance to find food, monkeys share arbitary alarm calls for preditors, chimps can sign, bonobos can observationally learn but bad syntax

Question 25

characteristics of written language

Answer 25

not in every culture, must be taught, long time to acquire/build, can be logograph, syballic, alphabetic (arbitary)

Question 26

learning to read children must understand..

Answer 26

written words hold meaning, has direction and is divided into words, written symbols are graphems and each holds its own phenom

Question 27

Visual word recognition occurs in..

Answer 27

visual word form area, left occipital temporal regions are involved in written word processing, similar spot to face recgonition

Question 28

mental lexicon occurs in..

Answer 28

bottom of brain, temporal lobe= persons animals and tools, sopjen and written language - same as what pathway

Question 29

speech comprehension occurs in..

Answer 29

wernickes area- top of temporal lobe, damage causes receptive aphasia (can produce words but lack meaning), poor comprehension, speech has no meaning

Question 30

speech production occurs in..

Answer 30

brocas area, damage leads to expressive aphasis, normal comprehension, speech is meaningful but awkward

Question 31

evidence for wernicke-geschwind model shows

Answer 31

1. brocas and wernikes areas play a key role in language 2. anterior damage associated with expressive deficits and posterior receptive deficits
   but aphasis usually diffuse damage and other areas can also cause it- pure aphasis is rare