WEEK 10 COMPLETED SET

Question 1

define learning

Answer 1

a relatively permanent change in behaviour as a result of experience

Question 2

function of the nervous system (learning)

Answer 2

allows the organism 2 respond adequately 2 external stimuli and continuously adapt to changing environmental conditions eg. find food, water, sex and avoid danger

Question 3

what are reflexive responses

Answer 3

occur without learning, simple, allow little flexibility, and typically associate with invariable forms of external stimulation- may be sufficient to sustain basic forms of survival but more complex requires specific adaptations

Question 4

neural plasticity is the set of mechanisms that allow..

Answer 4

the modification of behaviour responses based on previous experiences - sustains learning

Question 5

what is plasticity

Answer 5

the ability of the neutrons to make lasting changes in the efficacy of their synaptic transmission

Question 6

what does hebbian synapses mean

Answer 6

if two neutrons are active at the same time the synapses between them are strengthened- when axon A is near enough to excite B and repeatedly takes part in firing it, some growth processes or metabolic changes take place in one or both cells- therefore, As efficiency at firing B is increased

Question 7

hebbian put simply

Answer 7

a X fire b learning occurs

then- a can fire b

Question 8

what is perceptual learning

Answer 8

the capacity to learn 2 recognise and learn about stimuli perceived previously and differentiate them from other similar stimuli

Question 9

main function of perceptual learning

Answer 9

to identify and categorise stimuli such as objects and contexts or situations- recognise why or what something is

Question 10

what is motor learning

Answer 10

a type of stimulus response learning as it requires both extrecoceptive sensory stimulation and proprioceptive stimulation- requires feedback between the environment and the actions we perform

Question 11

what is relational learning

Answer 11

various forms of learning that are required 2 establish specific associations between stimuli and how things relate eg. spatial learning

Question 12

spatial learning

Answer 12

involves association between different stimuli present in a given context, allows the organism to respond adequately- creates cognitive map

Question 13

habituation and sensitisation-

Answer 13

we experience a stimulus and respond innately, then either stop responding or respond more strongly after repeated exposure

Question 14

what is stimulus response learning

Answer 14

refers to the capacity to perform a learned behaviour in response to a specific stimuli which it has been associated with

Question 15

characteristics of classical conditioning

Answer 15

CS presented first learning is best, don’t need to learn to do UCR- it is a reflex, natural, CR is a less one, does not require consciousness and can occur even among people in a negative state

Question 16

acquisition

Answer 16

learning phase during which a conditioned response is established

Question 17

extinction

Answer 17

gradual reduction and elimination of the CR after the CS is repeated with out the UCS

Question 18

spontaneous recovery

Answer 18

in a phenomena whereby a seemingly exinct CR reappears often weaker if the CS is presented again

Question 19

renewal effect

Answer 19

a related phenomena to spontaneous recovery which occurs when we extinguish a response in a setting different from the one in which it was acquired when in original setting, response reappears- displays that extinction doesn’t delete memories (they become dormant)

Question 20

stimulus generalisation

Answer 20

process by which a similar stimulus to the CS but not identical elicits a CR

Question 21

discrimination

Answer 21

ability to differentiate between a CS and other stimuli which have not been paired with a UCS

Question 22

conditioned fear

Answer 22

fear can be learned via CC- when a NS does not cause fear is associated with an adverse stimulus which causes fear the NS can cause fear-cause of phobia

Question 23

operant conditioning suggests

Answer 23

we learn through the consequences of our actions

Question 24

how is operant different from classical

Answer 24

behaviour is voluntary and reward is contingent on behaviour, depends on skeletal muscles

Question 25

what is the law of effect

Answer 25

if a response in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying state of affairs the bond between them will be strengthened - due to trial and error

Question 26

what is reinforcement

Answer 26

any outcome that strengthens the probability of a response - differs from reward, which is experience of pleasure

Question 27

continuous reinforcement is when

Answer 27

behaviour is reinforced everytime- works better

Question 28

partial reinforcement is when

Answer 28

responses are reinforced only some of the time- less chance of exinction

Question 29

fixed ratio..

Answer 29

constant number of responses

Question 30

fixed interval..

Answer 30

first response after constant amount of time

Question 31

variable ratio…

Answer 31

changing number of times

Question 32

variable interval…

Answer 32

first response after a changing amount of time

Question 33

SOR

Answer 33

stimulus-organism-response- not just automatic

Question 34

observational learning

Answer 34

important variant of latent learning- it is vicarious learning by watching others learn

Question 35

what is habituation

Answer 35

Habituation is a form of non-associative learning in which an innate response to a stimulus decreases after repeated or prolonged presentations of that stimulus

Question 36

what is sentisitation

Answer 36

Sensitization is a non-associative learning process in which repeated administration of a stimulus results in the progressive amplification of a response