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psy112- lib > WEEK 12 COMPLETED SET > Flashcards

WEEK 12 COMPLETED SET Flashcards

1
Q

what is conciousness

A

our subjective experience of the world, our bodies and our mental perspectives

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2
Q

what are the functions of conciousness

A

to monitor self and environment, perception, thoughts, emotions, goals, problem solving plans, and to control, to regulate thought and behaviour- innate or terminate behaviour to attain goals

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3
Q

What controls our level of arousal, therefore conciousness

A

the reticular activating system incldues midline nuclei in upper brain stem, it alternates sleep, waking, and controls general level of brain and behavioural arousal

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4
Q

how much of our lives do we sleep

A

1/3

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5
Q

what are circadian rythym

A

biological clocks that evolved around the daily cycles of light and dark- control body temp, and hormones

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6
Q

wakefullness is characterised by…

A

irregular pattern of EEG, with beta waves 13-22Hz (higher mental activity) and alpha waves 8-12Hz (calm wakefullness)

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7
Q

Stage 1 of sleep…

A

brief 5-10 mins with slower theta waves 4-7 per second, hypnagogic imagery and hypnic myoclonia occur

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8
Q

what is hypnic myclonia

A

sense of felling/uncontrolled muscle contractions- the disconnecting of RAS from muscle system

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9
Q

Stage 2 of sleep

A

10-30 mins, slightly slower waves, interupted by bursts of sleep spindles and K complexes

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10
Q

what are sleep spindles

A

bursts of low amplitude activity (similar to wakefulness)

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11
Q

Stage 3 and 4 of sleep

A

together they are delta or deep sleep 20-30mins
stage 3=
stage 4=

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12
Q

REM sleep..

A

10-20mins, resembles the faster waking brain pattern, rapid eye movement back and forth, automatic activity increases, muscles are turned off

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13
Q

what is the sleep wake cycle

A

occurs 4-5 times a night, switching in and out of different stages of sleep, REM/ non REM cycles last 90 mins

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14
Q

Non-REM dreams are..

A

shorter, more thought like, repetitive, concerned with daily tasks

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15
Q

REM dreams are..

A

more often, emotional, illogical, prone to plot shifts

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16
Q

what are the frequent dream themes

A

falling, flying, being chased, sexual, being lost, late, or trapped, injury, illness, or being naked and more

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17
Q

Dream content…

A

often simulaton of everyday life, negative themes are more common, some cultural differences in content.

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18
Q

what is Lucid Dreaming

A

awareness of dreaming, often when something bizarre or unlikely happens, features of waking and REM

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19
Q

Psychodynamic theory of dreaming suggests..

A

dreams are repressed wishes or unconcious desires, interpretation based on working out the latent from the manifest content

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20
Q

Arguments against psychodynamic theory of dreaming

A

why dont we have more positive or sexual dreams, why are dreams mundane and why do we have nightmares

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21
Q

Activation/Synthesis theory of dreaming…

A

forebrain tries to interpret signals recieved from other brain areas during REM- acetyl choline activates Pons, signals are sent to thalamus and then language/visual areas of the forebrain amygdala activation adds emotional content- they are all disconnected so they work and the forebrain is trying to understand all different parts of the brain- we are trying to add meaning to it

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22
Q

Forebrain hypothesis of dreaming

A

damage to forebrain can stop dreaming, suggesting interaction between forebrain areas is important

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23
Q

neurogonitive perspective of dreaming

A

dreaming is key to- proccessing or solving problems, intergration of previosuly learned and new information and memory consolidation (including emotional)\
complexity of dreaming mirrors cognitive development

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24
Q

neurogonitive perspective of dreaming

A

dreaming is key to- proccessing or solving problems, intergration of previosuly learned and new information and memory consolidation (including emotional)
complexity of dreaming mirrors cognitive development

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25
Q

what is insomnia

A

inability to sleep, waking during the ngiht, waking too early

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26
Q

Short term Causes of insomnia

A

stress, medication, illness, shiftwork, jet leg, napping

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27
Q

what increases likelyhood of insomnia

A

depression, pain, medical conditions, and older age

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28
Q

Interventions to improve sleep hygine

A

go to bed/wake up at the same time, sleep in a cool room, avoid stimulating, stressful activites and electronics befpre bed, avoid napping and caffine after 2, dont watch the clock, regular exercise, go to bed when tired

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29
Q

treatment of insomina can include..

A

bref psychotherapy, sleep hygine, sleeping tablets (but may be counterproductive

30
Q

what is a night terror

A

often in children, appear awake and highly distressed, no recollection later, occurs in stage 3&4 of sleep - differs to nightmares which occur in REM sleep

31
Q

what is sleep walking

A

most freuent in chidren, triggered by stress, usually involves mundane/normal behaviour, typically occurs in non REM sleep- possible due to legs not disconnecting when dreaming

32
Q

Effects of sleep deprivation

A

depression, problems with memory and attention, hallucinations, risk of high blood pressure, diabetes and cardiovascular problems, weight gain and reduced immune function, magnifies effects of alchol, caffine cant fix

33
Q

what are hallucinations

A

sensation experiences despite lack of enviroental stimuli, can be any sense, and sensory areas become activated, may hold cultural/religious significance

34
Q

what is an out of body experience

A

sensation of self leaving the body and sometimes travelling to other places or observing the body engaging in activity- can be induced by activation of temporal parietal junction- could be a form of synthensia

35
Q

what is a near death experience

A

sensation of passing to another realm or having your life flash before your eyes, often culturally/religious specific

36
Q

what are some potential scientific explanations for near dealth experiences

A

sense of peace= flood of endorphins
life flashing before eyes= search memories for escape
tunnel/light/sounds= reduced oxygen supply to the brain

37
Q

what can trigger a near-death experience

A

lack of oxygen, electrical stimulation of temporal lobe, psychedelic and anesthetic drugs

38
Q

what is meditaion

A

direct attempts to control attention and awareness

39
Q

what is concentrative medication

A

focus on object, breathing, mantra

40
Q

mindfulness mediation is..

A

detatched focus on thoughts, sensation, awareness - increasingly used in mainstream therapy

41
Q

effects of regular meditation

A

increased happiness, reduced hypertension (blood pressure) reduce stress/anxiety

42
Q

Common myths of hypnosis

A

people will do things against their will, hypnoic phenomena will only occur under hypnosis, it is a dream like state, people will forget it, it improves memory

43
Q

what ishypnosis

A

induction rituals and the alter

44
Q

dissociation theory of hypnosis

A

altered state of conciousness is induced, part of the mind is altered, and disconnected- disocciatve part remains aware but it susceptible to suggestion and instruction

45
Q

what are K Complexes?

A

occasional slow, high amplitude waves

46
Q

what is hyping myoclonia

A

sense of falling/uncontrolled muscle contractions

47
Q

necropsy is

A

sleep attacks during the day despite good sleep at night, also may experience cataplexy - loss of muscle during strong emotions hallucinations, temporary paralysis on walking * it is associated with reduction in hormone orexin

48
Q

what is sleep aponea

A

interrupted breathing during sleep (2-20% of pop) often due to fat build up/ loss of muscle tone, allows windpipe to collapse, can lead to fatigue tiredness health problems and increased risk of death

49
Q

what is the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis

A

non-state theory, attitudes beliefs and expectations about hypnosis and susceptibility to respond 2 waking imaginative suggestions, shapes effects response to hypnosis- most likely to resist if told possible, susceptibility increases if effects are promoted

50
Q

dissociated control theory of hypnosis

A

hypnosis bypasses frontal control processes that govern behaviour

51
Q

what is the use of hypnosis in clinical practice

A

can be used as a clinical tool to relieve pain, treat habit disorders such as smoking, as an adjunct to other forms of psychotherapy *not stand alone and training is poor

52
Q

what are psychoactive drugs

A

drugs that induce changes in thinking perception and behaviour by affecting neural activity in the brain

53
Q

what is drug action affected by

A

biochemical processes, physiological and sociocultural processes

54
Q

what is the biochemical affect on drug action

A

neurotransmitter release is increased or decreased or deregualted in manner by the drug

55
Q

what is the physiological affect on drug action

A

cns is depressed/stimulated leading to physiological changes

56
Q

what is the sociocultural affect on drug action

A

the setting and expectations and beliefs regarding the effects of the drug affect action

57
Q

what do stimulants do

A

increase CNS activity eg. tobacco, cocaine, meth

58
Q

what do depressants do

A

decrease CNS activity eg. alcohol, valium, qualudes

59
Q

what do opiates do

A

increase sense of euphoria reduce pain and sleep, cough and diarreha treatmnwnt, muscle relaxation, mimic endorphins, derived from opium poppy eg. heroin, mophine, codine

60
Q

what do psychedelics/hallunicgens do

A

dramatically alter perspective mood and thoughts give hallucinations eg. LSD weed, shrroms

61
Q

what is the physical dependance theory of addition

A

the drug is taken to avoid negative withdrawal symptoms

62
Q

what is the physiological dependance theory of addition

A

the drug is taken to obtain the positive feeling associated with it- positive incentive theory

63
Q

what is the reward pathways theory of addition

A

most drugs of dependance result in dopamine release in the reward pathways of the brain- mesocortiyal limbic pathway

64
Q

cocaine effects..

A

euphoria, suppression of hunger and pain, increased mental and physical activity- increased dopamine, serotonin and norephrinepine

65
Q

methamphetamine (speed crystal meth ice) effects

A

euphoria, suppression of hunger and pain, increased mental and physical activity- increased dopamine, serotonin and norephrinepine
may include paranoia, depression, anxiety and hallucinations

66
Q

ecstasy effects…

A

sense of wellbeing, feeling close to others, increased tactile sensation, depression in following days, increased serotonin, also dopamine and norephrinepine

67
Q

nicotine effects…

A

sense of well-being, alertness- activates receptors associated with the NT acetylchloine

68
Q

alcohol affects…

A

small amounts increase wellbeing and social interaction, but decrease physiological functioning, cognitive processing coordination and alertness, large effects on GABA

69
Q

sedatives/hypnotics

A

benzodiazepines, barbituates, non-barbatuates, NT action depends on type, eg. benzo increases action of GABA

70
Q

cannabis effects..

A

acute effects of sense of wellbeing, relaxation and changes in perception- acts on cannaboid receptors, mimicking effects of endocannaboids, can have therapeutic effects, social expectancies play a role
*may increase risk of psychosis amoung those with genetic predisposition

71
Q

LSD affects…

A

Lysergic acid diethylamide, from fungi grows on rye and other grains, can cause synaesthesia, hallucinations and sometimes panic and paranoid delusions
complex action on serotonin and dopamine

72
Q

psibcybin/ shrooms

A

found in some mushrooms, affects seratonin, used in some religious rituals

psy112- lib (12 decks)

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