WEEK 12 COMPLETED SET Flashcards
what is conciousness
our subjective experience of the world, our bodies and our mental perspectives
what are the functions of conciousness
to monitor self and environment, perception, thoughts, emotions, goals, problem solving plans, and to control, to regulate thought and behaviour- innate or terminate behaviour to attain goals
What controls our level of arousal, therefore conciousness
the reticular activating system incldues midline nuclei in upper brain stem, it alternates sleep, waking, and controls general level of brain and behavioural arousal
how much of our lives do we sleep
1/3
what are circadian rythym
biological clocks that evolved around the daily cycles of light and dark- control body temp, and hormones
wakefullness is characterised by…
irregular pattern of EEG, with beta waves 13-22Hz (higher mental activity) and alpha waves 8-12Hz (calm wakefullness)
Stage 1 of sleep…
brief 5-10 mins with slower theta waves 4-7 per second, hypnagogic imagery and hypnic myoclonia occur
what is hypnic myclonia
sense of felling/uncontrolled muscle contractions- the disconnecting of RAS from muscle system
Stage 2 of sleep
10-30 mins, slightly slower waves, interupted by bursts of sleep spindles and K complexes
what are sleep spindles
bursts of low amplitude activity (similar to wakefulness)
Stage 3 and 4 of sleep
together they are delta or deep sleep 20-30mins
stage 3=
stage 4=
REM sleep..
10-20mins, resembles the faster waking brain pattern, rapid eye movement back and forth, automatic activity increases, muscles are turned off
what is the sleep wake cycle
occurs 4-5 times a night, switching in and out of different stages of sleep, REM/ non REM cycles last 90 mins
Non-REM dreams are..
shorter, more thought like, repetitive, concerned with daily tasks
REM dreams are..
more often, emotional, illogical, prone to plot shifts
what are the frequent dream themes
falling, flying, being chased, sexual, being lost, late, or trapped, injury, illness, or being naked and more
Dream content…
often simulaton of everyday life, negative themes are more common, some cultural differences in content.
what is Lucid Dreaming
awareness of dreaming, often when something bizarre or unlikely happens, features of waking and REM
Psychodynamic theory of dreaming suggests..
dreams are repressed wishes or unconcious desires, interpretation based on working out the latent from the manifest content
Arguments against psychodynamic theory of dreaming
why dont we have more positive or sexual dreams, why are dreams mundane and why do we have nightmares
Activation/Synthesis theory of dreaming…
forebrain tries to interpret signals recieved from other brain areas during REM- acetyl choline activates Pons, signals are sent to thalamus and then language/visual areas of the forebrain amygdala activation adds emotional content- they are all disconnected so they work and the forebrain is trying to understand all different parts of the brain- we are trying to add meaning to it
Forebrain hypothesis of dreaming
damage to forebrain can stop dreaming, suggesting interaction between forebrain areas is important
neurogonitive perspective of dreaming
dreaming is key to- proccessing or solving problems, intergration of previosuly learned and new information and memory consolidation (including emotional)\
complexity of dreaming mirrors cognitive development
neurogonitive perspective of dreaming
dreaming is key to- proccessing or solving problems, intergration of previosuly learned and new information and memory consolidation (including emotional)
complexity of dreaming mirrors cognitive development
what is insomnia
inability to sleep, waking during the ngiht, waking too early
Short term Causes of insomnia
stress, medication, illness, shiftwork, jet leg, napping
what increases likelyhood of insomnia
depression, pain, medical conditions, and older age
Interventions to improve sleep hygine
go to bed/wake up at the same time, sleep in a cool room, avoid stimulating, stressful activites and electronics befpre bed, avoid napping and caffine after 2, dont watch the clock, regular exercise, go to bed when tired
treatment of insomina can include..
bref psychotherapy, sleep hygine, sleeping tablets (but may be counterproductive
what is a night terror
often in children, appear awake and highly distressed, no recollection later, occurs in stage 3&4 of sleep - differs to nightmares which occur in REM sleep
what is sleep walking
most freuent in chidren, triggered by stress, usually involves mundane/normal behaviour, typically occurs in non REM sleep- possible due to legs not disconnecting when dreaming
Effects of sleep deprivation
depression, problems with memory and attention, hallucinations, risk of high blood pressure, diabetes and cardiovascular problems, weight gain and reduced immune function, magnifies effects of alchol, caffine cant fix
what are hallucinations
sensation experiences despite lack of enviroental stimuli, can be any sense, and sensory areas become activated, may hold cultural/religious significance
what is an out of body experience
sensation of self leaving the body and sometimes travelling to other places or observing the body engaging in activity- can be induced by activation of temporal parietal junction- could be a form of synthensia
what is a near death experience
sensation of passing to another realm or having your life flash before your eyes, often culturally/religious specific
what are some potential scientific explanations for near dealth experiences
sense of peace= flood of endorphins
life flashing before eyes= search memories for escape
tunnel/light/sounds= reduced oxygen supply to the brain
what can trigger a near-death experience
lack of oxygen, electrical stimulation of temporal lobe, psychedelic and anesthetic drugs
what is meditaion
direct attempts to control attention and awareness
what is concentrative medication
focus on object, breathing, mantra
mindfulness mediation is..
detatched focus on thoughts, sensation, awareness - increasingly used in mainstream therapy
effects of regular meditation
increased happiness, reduced hypertension (blood pressure) reduce stress/anxiety
Common myths of hypnosis
people will do things against their will, hypnoic phenomena will only occur under hypnosis, it is a dream like state, people will forget it, it improves memory
what ishypnosis
induction rituals and the alter
dissociation theory of hypnosis
altered state of conciousness is induced, part of the mind is altered, and disconnected- disocciatve part remains aware but it susceptible to suggestion and instruction
what are K Complexes?
occasional slow, high amplitude waves
what is hyping myoclonia
sense of falling/uncontrolled muscle contractions
necropsy is
sleep attacks during the day despite good sleep at night, also may experience cataplexy - loss of muscle during strong emotions hallucinations, temporary paralysis on walking * it is associated with reduction in hormone orexin
what is sleep aponea
interrupted breathing during sleep (2-20% of pop) often due to fat build up/ loss of muscle tone, allows windpipe to collapse, can lead to fatigue tiredness health problems and increased risk of death
what is the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis
non-state theory, attitudes beliefs and expectations about hypnosis and susceptibility to respond 2 waking imaginative suggestions, shapes effects response to hypnosis- most likely to resist if told possible, susceptibility increases if effects are promoted
dissociated control theory of hypnosis
hypnosis bypasses frontal control processes that govern behaviour
what is the use of hypnosis in clinical practice
can be used as a clinical tool to relieve pain, treat habit disorders such as smoking, as an adjunct to other forms of psychotherapy *not stand alone and training is poor
what are psychoactive drugs
drugs that induce changes in thinking perception and behaviour by affecting neural activity in the brain
what is drug action affected by
biochemical processes, physiological and sociocultural processes
what is the biochemical affect on drug action
neurotransmitter release is increased or decreased or deregualted in manner by the drug
what is the physiological affect on drug action
cns is depressed/stimulated leading to physiological changes
what is the sociocultural affect on drug action
the setting and expectations and beliefs regarding the effects of the drug affect action
what do stimulants do
increase CNS activity eg. tobacco, cocaine, meth
what do depressants do
decrease CNS activity eg. alcohol, valium, qualudes
what do opiates do
increase sense of euphoria reduce pain and sleep, cough and diarreha treatmnwnt, muscle relaxation, mimic endorphins, derived from opium poppy eg. heroin, mophine, codine
what do psychedelics/hallunicgens do
dramatically alter perspective mood and thoughts give hallucinations eg. LSD weed, shrroms
what is the physical dependance theory of addition
the drug is taken to avoid negative withdrawal symptoms
what is the physiological dependance theory of addition
the drug is taken to obtain the positive feeling associated with it- positive incentive theory
what is the reward pathways theory of addition
most drugs of dependance result in dopamine release in the reward pathways of the brain- mesocortiyal limbic pathway
cocaine effects..
euphoria, suppression of hunger and pain, increased mental and physical activity- increased dopamine, serotonin and norephrinepine
methamphetamine (speed crystal meth ice) effects
euphoria, suppression of hunger and pain, increased mental and physical activity- increased dopamine, serotonin and norephrinepine
may include paranoia, depression, anxiety and hallucinations
ecstasy effects…
sense of wellbeing, feeling close to others, increased tactile sensation, depression in following days, increased serotonin, also dopamine and norephrinepine
nicotine effects…
sense of well-being, alertness- activates receptors associated with the NT acetylchloine
alcohol affects…
small amounts increase wellbeing and social interaction, but decrease physiological functioning, cognitive processing coordination and alertness, large effects on GABA
sedatives/hypnotics
benzodiazepines, barbituates, non-barbatuates, NT action depends on type, eg. benzo increases action of GABA
cannabis effects..
acute effects of sense of wellbeing, relaxation and changes in perception- acts on cannaboid receptors, mimicking effects of endocannaboids, can have therapeutic effects, social expectancies play a role
*may increase risk of psychosis amoung those with genetic predisposition
LSD affects…
Lysergic acid diethylamide, from fungi grows on rye and other grains, can cause synaesthesia, hallucinations and sometimes panic and paranoid delusions
complex action on serotonin and dopamine
psibcybin/ shrooms
found in some mushrooms, affects seratonin, used in some religious rituals
