WEEK 11 COMPLETED SET Flashcards
cross-sectional design in developmental psychology is…
where researchers examine people who are of different ages at a single point in time- snapshot approach- group1,2,3 compared at the same time
advantages of cross sectional design
Convenient- data gathered quickly
advantages of longitudinal design
help provide casual info as each person serves as his or her control
help assess role of individual difference factors
disadvantages of cross sectional design
different groups of people-doesn’t account for individual difference- raised different eras ‘cohort effect’ natural disaster/stressful events occurred in an age group
disadvantages of cross sectional design
different groups of people-doesn’t account for individual difference- raised different eras ‘cohort effect’ natural disaster/stressful events occurred in an age group
steps of prenatal development
conception, fetilised egg called a zygote, embryo through the 8th week, 9th week on, fetus
what are some obstacles to normal fetal development
- premature birth 2. low birth weight 3. exposure to hazardous environmental influences 4. biological influences resulting from genetic disorders or errors in cell dupilication during cell division
what are examples of movement milestones and what order do they develop
sitting up, walking, crawling, standing- emerge from head to feet, and centre of body to out
what are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor birth-2
preoperational 2-7
concrete operational 7-11
formal operational 11-adulthood
what occurs during Piagets sensorimotor stager
childrens main source of knowledge, thinking and experience are their physical interactions with the world. assimilation, accommodation occur
Preoperational stage
marked by an ability to construct mental representations of experience. children are egocentric, have object permenance but cant perform mental transformations, can use symbols to represent ideas used glass volume to task to test
concreate operational stage
characteristed by the abiity to perform mental operations but only for actual physical events. can understand what can/cant effect concreate objects. can perform organisational tasks
formal operations stage
children acquire capacity to reason about abstract concepts- hypothetical reasoning
what is developmental psychology
the study of how behaviour changes over the lifespan due to physical maturation, experience or both
MAOA gene is…
people who possess a gene for little MAOA an enzyme that metabolises monoamines such as serotonin and dopamine- may be at higher risk of committing violent crimes- may be dependent on the presence of risk factors
pattern of MAOA effect
- less MAOA
- adverse environment
- biased development of neural systems and circuits
- hyperactive amydgala and underachieve vmPFC
- therefore, increased negative emotion salience and reduction of impulse/emotion control
- therefore increased likelyhood and intensity of aggressive response to provocation
what is nature VIA nurture
the tendency for individuals to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions
what is the niche picking hypothesis
by Scarr and McCarthy- genes effect an individuals preference for environment, which then effects development, people with similar genes pic same enviro therefore have similar IQ
what are epigenetics
the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involvee changes to the underlying DNA sequence- phenotype change but not genotype- which effects how cells read the genes- refer to turning on and off of genes
what is DNA Methylation
the addition of a methyl group or a chemical cap, to part of the DNA molecule which prevents certain genes from being expressed
what is histone modification
histones r proteins that DNA wraps around- if histones squeeze DNA tightly the DNA cannot be read by the cell- modifications that relax the histones can make the DNA accessible to proteins that read genes
what does epigenetics tell us
provides a mechanism through which acquired behavioural and psychological characteristics might be inheritable
what is lamarckism
the hypothesis that an organism can pass on characteristics that they have acquired during its lifetime to its offspring- known as inheritance of acquired characteristics
Mothering style: effect on genes
in pups, genes involved in regulating the animals responses to stress have inhibitory methyl marks which enahance sensitivity to stress therefore, if mother = relaxed, methyl groups disappear = attentive parents
BUT if mother= fearful/passive = more methyl marks=nervous neglectful
what is the viablility point for premature babies
viability point is at 25weeks generally-where infants can typically survive on their own
what defines low birth weight
under 2.5kgs for a full term baby- these days more survive, early intervention can influence outcomes
what are teratogens
environment factors that can affect prenatal development-drugs alcohol chicken pox xray
what is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
refers to a collection of disorders caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol
gender differences in development
girls=fine motor skills earlier eg. drawing,stringing beads
boys= gross motor skills, climbing/jumping
may be due to different activity types
what is puberty
marked by dramatic bodily changes and an intensification in sexual interest- driven by changes in primary and secondary sex characteristics
what are primary sex characteristics
directly related to reproductive organs and external genitalia, penis growth, clit growth
what are secondary sex characteristics
not directly related to reproductive organs eg. facial hair, hips boobs
sensorimotor stage
no thought beyond immediate physical experiences- no object permanence
what is object permanence
Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view
what is assimilation
occurs in sensorimotor stage= children integrate new info into their existing understanding of the world eg. see zebra call it a horse
what is accomodation
when schemas are modified as a result of experience
key aspects of vygotskys theory of development
more emphasis on social and cultural factors, developed the notion of zone proximal development, has no general stages, language plays a strong role
what is the zone of proximal development
vygotskys theory: the phase when children are receptive to learning a new skill but are not yet successful at it, children for any given reason move to a phase where they can make use of scaffolding
what do violation of expectation experiments prove
contradict object permanence assumptions, using these object permanence has been demonstrated in infants (before piaget said)
what are tests of egocentricity
disprove piaget’s preparation stage of egocentricity- children supposed to not understand that other people possess different preferences than they- data shows toddlers could choose foods other people preferred even if they dont
what are theory of mind experiments
the ability to attribute mental states such as knowledge to others and reflect on ones own mental stages- sally and anne experiment- kids can succeed earlier than piagets model
what is temprement
characteristics/patterns of emotional reactivity- tend to remain stable across the lifespan
what is stranger anxiety
refers to the tendency for infants to feel uncomfortable or frightened when approached by someone they dont know
what is separation anxiety
involves a developmentally normal fear of being away from ones trusted caregiver
what is attactchment
refers to the bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers, the quality of the infant carer bond strongly influences social relationships across a lifetime
what are the four attachment styles
secure, insecure avoiding, insecure anxious, disorganised/disorientated
secure attatchment style
child = comfortable, confident willing to explore, caregiver is a safe base parent= loving, attentive, responsive to childs needs
insecure avoidant attachment style
child= indifferent, independent tends not to seek caregiver for comfort parent= dismissive of childs needs, not physically/emotionally available
insecure anxious/ amblivient attatcment style
child= anxious, hesitant to leave caregiver, resistant to being comforted parent= responds inconsistently 2 childs needs, inconsistently avaliable
disorganised/disorientated attachment style
child= fearful, shifts fro, affectionate to hostile towards caregiver parents= severely neglectful, potentially abusive (substance abuse or depression likely )
what is imprinting (attachment) - filial in humans
whereby early sensory experiences modify behaviour permenantly, during the first week of life, we develop a lifelong preference 2 doors associated with their mothers nipples
what are the four types of parenting styles
pemissive- low control high warmth
authoritative- high control and warmth
uninvolved- low control and warmth
authoritarian- high control, low warmth
characteristics of permissive children and parents
Kids: impulsive, disregard rules
parents; dont enforce rules, lenient, non confrontational
characteristics of authoritative parents and children.
Kids: capable, self-assured, popular
parents; create pos relationships, assertive, enforces rules
characteristics of uninvolved children and parents
Kids: poor school performance, risky behaviours
parents; disinterested, passive, little attention given
characteristics of authoritarian children and parents
Kids: unhappy, low self-esteem
parents: high expectations, d demands obedience, disciplinarian
eriksons theory of identity development suggests..
we proceeded through several stages of development through the lifespan, each stage corresponds to a conflict or identity crisis, through which we acquire a more fleshed out sense of who we are
Infancy identity crisis
trust vs mistrust- to 1 yr, if needs are dependedably met, infants develop basic trust
toddlerhood identity crisis
1-3 yrs autonomy vs shame and doubt- toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things themselves or they doubt their abilities
preschool identity crisis
3-6 yrs initiative vs guilt
preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent
elementary school identity crisis
6-puberty competence vs inferiority
children learn the pleasure or applying themselves to tasks or they feel inferior
adolencense identity crisis
teen - 20s identity vs role confusion, teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roes and integrating them to form identity or become confused on who they are
young adulthood crisis
20-40s intimacy vs isolation
young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain capacity for intimate love or they feel socially issolated
middle adulthood identity crisis
40-60 generativity vs stagnation- in middle age people discover a sense of contributing to the world usually through family and work or feel lack of purpose
late adulthood identity crisis
integrity vs dispair 60s up
reflecting on life, feel sense of satisfaction or failure
