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psy112- lib > WEEK 11 COMPLETED SET > Flashcards

WEEK 11 COMPLETED SET Flashcards

1
Q

cross-sectional design in developmental psychology is…

A

where researchers examine people who are of different ages at a single point in time- snapshot approach- group1,2,3 compared at the same time

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2
Q

advantages of cross sectional design

A

Convenient- data gathered quickly

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3
Q

advantages of longitudinal design

A

help provide casual info as each person serves as his or her control
help assess role of individual difference factors

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4
Q

disadvantages of cross sectional design

A

different groups of people-doesn’t account for individual difference- raised different eras ‘cohort effect’ natural disaster/stressful events occurred in an age group

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5
Q

disadvantages of cross sectional design

A

different groups of people-doesn’t account for individual difference- raised different eras ‘cohort effect’ natural disaster/stressful events occurred in an age group

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6
Q

steps of prenatal development

A

conception, fetilised egg called a zygote, embryo through the 8th week, 9th week on, fetus

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7
Q

what are some obstacles to normal fetal development

A
  1. premature birth 2. low birth weight 3. exposure to hazardous environmental influences 4. biological influences resulting from genetic disorders or errors in cell dupilication during cell division
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8
Q

what are examples of movement milestones and what order do they develop

A

sitting up, walking, crawling, standing- emerge from head to feet, and centre of body to out

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9
Q

what are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor birth-2
preoperational 2-7
concrete operational 7-11
formal operational 11-adulthood

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10
Q

what occurs during Piagets sensorimotor stager

A

childrens main source of knowledge, thinking and experience are their physical interactions with the world. assimilation, accommodation occur

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11
Q

Preoperational stage

A

marked by an ability to construct mental representations of experience. children are egocentric, have object permenance but cant perform mental transformations, can use symbols to represent ideas used glass volume to task to test

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12
Q

concreate operational stage

A

characteristed by the abiity to perform mental operations but only for actual physical events. can understand what can/cant effect concreate objects. can perform organisational tasks

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13
Q

formal operations stage

A

children acquire capacity to reason about abstract concepts- hypothetical reasoning

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14
Q

what is developmental psychology

A

the study of how behaviour changes over the lifespan due to physical maturation, experience or both

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15
Q

MAOA gene is…

A

people who possess a gene for little MAOA an enzyme that metabolises monoamines such as serotonin and dopamine- may be at higher risk of committing violent crimes- may be dependent on the presence of risk factors

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16
Q

pattern of MAOA effect

A
  1. less MAOA
  2. adverse environment
  3. biased development of neural systems and circuits
  4. hyperactive amydgala and underachieve vmPFC
  5. therefore, increased negative emotion salience and reduction of impulse/emotion control
  6. therefore increased likelyhood and intensity of aggressive response to provocation
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17
Q

what is nature VIA nurture

A

the tendency for individuals to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions

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18
Q

what is the niche picking hypothesis

A

by Scarr and McCarthy- genes effect an individuals preference for environment, which then effects development, people with similar genes pic same enviro therefore have similar IQ

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19
Q

what are epigenetics

A

the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involvee changes to the underlying DNA sequence- phenotype change but not genotype- which effects how cells read the genes- refer to turning on and off of genes

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20
Q

what is DNA Methylation

A

the addition of a methyl group or a chemical cap, to part of the DNA molecule which prevents certain genes from being expressed

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21
Q

what is histone modification

A

histones r proteins that DNA wraps around- if histones squeeze DNA tightly the DNA cannot be read by the cell- modifications that relax the histones can make the DNA accessible to proteins that read genes

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22
Q

what does epigenetics tell us

A

provides a mechanism through which acquired behavioural and psychological characteristics might be inheritable

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23
Q

what is lamarckism

A

the hypothesis that an organism can pass on characteristics that they have acquired during its lifetime to its offspring- known as inheritance of acquired characteristics

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24
Q

Mothering style: effect on genes

A

in pups, genes involved in regulating the animals responses to stress have inhibitory methyl marks which enahance sensitivity to stress therefore, if mother = relaxed, methyl groups disappear = attentive parents
BUT if mother= fearful/passive = more methyl marks=nervous neglectful

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25
what is the viablility point for premature babies
viability point is at 25weeks generally-where infants can typically survive on their own
26
what defines low birth weight
under 2.5kgs for a full term baby- these days more survive, early intervention can influence outcomes
27
what are teratogens
environment factors that can affect prenatal development-drugs alcohol chicken pox xray
28
what is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
refers to a collection of disorders caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol
29
gender differences in development
girls=fine motor skills earlier eg. drawing,stringing beads boys= gross motor skills, climbing/jumping may be due to different activity types
30
what is puberty
marked by dramatic bodily changes and an intensification in sexual interest- driven by changes in primary and secondary sex characteristics
31
what are primary sex characteristics
directly related to reproductive organs and external genitalia, penis growth, clit growth
32
what are secondary sex characteristics
not directly related to reproductive organs eg. facial hair, hips boobs
33
sensorimotor stage
no thought beyond immediate physical experiences- no object permanence
34
what is object permanence
Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view
35
what is assimilation
occurs in sensorimotor stage= children integrate new info into their existing understanding of the world eg. see zebra call it a horse
36
what is accomodation
when schemas are modified as a result of experience
37
key aspects of vygotskys theory of development
more emphasis on social and cultural factors, developed the notion of zone proximal development, has no general stages, language plays a strong role
38
what is the zone of proximal development
vygotskys theory: the phase when children are receptive to learning a new skill but are not yet successful at it, children for any given reason move to a phase where they can make use of scaffolding
39
what do violation of expectation experiments prove
contradict object permanence assumptions, using these object permanence has been demonstrated in infants (before piaget said)
40
what are tests of egocentricity
disprove piaget's preparation stage of egocentricity- children supposed to not understand that other people possess different preferences than they- data shows toddlers could choose foods other people preferred even if they dont
41
what are theory of mind experiments
the ability to attribute mental states such as knowledge to others and reflect on ones own mental stages- sally and anne experiment- kids can succeed earlier than piagets model
42
what is temprement
characteristics/patterns of emotional reactivity- tend to remain stable across the lifespan
43
what is stranger anxiety
refers to the tendency for infants to feel uncomfortable or frightened when approached by someone they dont know
44
what is separation anxiety
involves a developmentally normal fear of being away from ones trusted caregiver
45
what is attactchment
refers to the bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers, the quality of the infant carer bond strongly influences social relationships across a lifetime
46
what are the four attachment styles
secure, insecure avoiding, insecure anxious, disorganised/disorientated
47
secure attatchment style
``` child = comfortable, confident willing to explore, caregiver is a safe base parent= loving, attentive, responsive to childs needs ```
48
insecure avoidant attachment style
``` child= indifferent, independent tends not to seek caregiver for comfort parent= dismissive of childs needs, not physically/emotionally available ```
49
insecure anxious/ amblivient attatcment style
``` child= anxious, hesitant to leave caregiver, resistant to being comforted parent= responds inconsistently 2 childs needs, inconsistently avaliable ```
50
disorganised/disorientated attachment style
``` child= fearful, shifts fro, affectionate to hostile towards caregiver parents= severely neglectful, potentially abusive (substance abuse or depression likely ) ```
51
what is imprinting (attachment) - filial in humans
whereby early sensory experiences modify behaviour permenantly, during the first week of life, we develop a lifelong preference 2 doors associated with their mothers nipples
52
what are the four types of parenting styles
pemissive- low control high warmth authoritative- high control and warmth uninvolved- low control and warmth authoritarian- high control, low warmth
53
characteristics of permissive children and parents
Kids: impulsive, disregard rules | parents; dont enforce rules, lenient, non confrontational
54
characteristics of authoritative parents and children.
Kids: capable, self-assured, popular | parents; create pos relationships, assertive, enforces rules
55
characteristics of uninvolved children and parents
Kids: poor school performance, risky behaviours | parents; disinterested, passive, little attention given
56
characteristics of authoritarian children and parents
Kids: unhappy, low self-esteem parents: high expectations, d demands obedience, disciplinarian
57
eriksons theory of identity development suggests..
we proceeded through several stages of development through the lifespan, each stage corresponds to a conflict or identity crisis, through which we acquire a more fleshed out sense of who we are
58
Infancy identity crisis
trust vs mistrust- to 1 yr, if needs are dependedably met, infants develop basic trust
59
toddlerhood identity crisis
1-3 yrs autonomy vs shame and doubt- toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things themselves or they doubt their abilities
60
preschool identity crisis
3-6 yrs initiative vs guilt | preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent
61
elementary school identity crisis
6-puberty competence vs inferiority | children learn the pleasure or applying themselves to tasks or they feel inferior
62
adolencense identity crisis
teen - 20s identity vs role confusion, teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roes and integrating them to form identity or become confused on who they are
63
young adulthood crisis
20-40s intimacy vs isolation | young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain capacity for intimate love or they feel socially issolated
64
middle adulthood identity crisis
40-60 generativity vs stagnation- in middle age people discover a sense of contributing to the world usually through family and work or feel lack of purpose
65
late adulthood identity crisis
integrity vs dispair 60s up | reflecting on life, feel sense of satisfaction or failure

psy112- lib (12 decks)

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