WEEK 11 COMPLETED SET Flashcards
cross-sectional design in developmental psychology is…
where researchers examine people who are of different ages at a single point in time- snapshot approach- group1,2,3 compared at the same time
advantages of cross sectional design
Convenient- data gathered quickly
advantages of longitudinal design
help provide casual info as each person serves as his or her control
help assess role of individual difference factors
disadvantages of cross sectional design
different groups of people-doesn’t account for individual difference- raised different eras ‘cohort effect’ natural disaster/stressful events occurred in an age group
disadvantages of cross sectional design
different groups of people-doesn’t account for individual difference- raised different eras ‘cohort effect’ natural disaster/stressful events occurred in an age group
steps of prenatal development
conception, fetilised egg called a zygote, embryo through the 8th week, 9th week on, fetus
what are some obstacles to normal fetal development
- premature birth 2. low birth weight 3. exposure to hazardous environmental influences 4. biological influences resulting from genetic disorders or errors in cell dupilication during cell division
what are examples of movement milestones and what order do they develop
sitting up, walking, crawling, standing- emerge from head to feet, and centre of body to out
what are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor birth-2
preoperational 2-7
concrete operational 7-11
formal operational 11-adulthood
what occurs during Piagets sensorimotor stager
childrens main source of knowledge, thinking and experience are their physical interactions with the world. assimilation, accommodation occur
Preoperational stage
marked by an ability to construct mental representations of experience. children are egocentric, have object permenance but cant perform mental transformations, can use symbols to represent ideas used glass volume to task to test
concreate operational stage
characteristed by the abiity to perform mental operations but only for actual physical events. can understand what can/cant effect concreate objects. can perform organisational tasks
formal operations stage
children acquire capacity to reason about abstract concepts- hypothetical reasoning
what is developmental psychology
the study of how behaviour changes over the lifespan due to physical maturation, experience or both
MAOA gene is…
people who possess a gene for little MAOA an enzyme that metabolises monoamines such as serotonin and dopamine- may be at higher risk of committing violent crimes- may be dependent on the presence of risk factors
pattern of MAOA effect
- less MAOA
- adverse environment
- biased development of neural systems and circuits
- hyperactive amydgala and underachieve vmPFC
- therefore, increased negative emotion salience and reduction of impulse/emotion control
- therefore increased likelyhood and intensity of aggressive response to provocation
what is nature VIA nurture
the tendency for individuals to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions
what is the niche picking hypothesis
by Scarr and McCarthy- genes effect an individuals preference for environment, which then effects development, people with similar genes pic same enviro therefore have similar IQ
what are epigenetics
the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involvee changes to the underlying DNA sequence- phenotype change but not genotype- which effects how cells read the genes- refer to turning on and off of genes
what is DNA Methylation
the addition of a methyl group or a chemical cap, to part of the DNA molecule which prevents certain genes from being expressed
what is histone modification
histones r proteins that DNA wraps around- if histones squeeze DNA tightly the DNA cannot be read by the cell- modifications that relax the histones can make the DNA accessible to proteins that read genes
what does epigenetics tell us
provides a mechanism through which acquired behavioural and psychological characteristics might be inheritable
what is lamarckism
the hypothesis that an organism can pass on characteristics that they have acquired during its lifetime to its offspring- known as inheritance of acquired characteristics
Mothering style: effect on genes
in pups, genes involved in regulating the animals responses to stress have inhibitory methyl marks which enahance sensitivity to stress therefore, if mother = relaxed, methyl groups disappear = attentive parents
BUT if mother= fearful/passive = more methyl marks=nervous neglectful
what is the viablility point for premature babies
viability point is at 25weeks generally-where infants can typically survive on their own
what defines low birth weight
under 2.5kgs for a full term baby- these days more survive, early intervention can influence outcomes
