WEEK 4 COMPLETED SET

Question 1

what are the 4 types of evidence darwin gave to support his evolution theory

Answer 1

1. fossil records progressivly more recent in geological layers
2. referred to stratal similarities among living species suggesting common ancestor
3. described changes brought about in domestic plants and animals by programs of selective breeding
4. observed evolution in real time

Question 2

what is the basic idea of natural selection

Answer 2

heritable traits associated with high rates of survival and reproduction are the most likely to be passed on to the next generation

Question 3

what is the idea of survival of the fittest

Answer 3

nature creates fitter animals by selectively breeding the fittest (ability to survive and contribute its genes to the next generation)

Question 4

what are the key points about human evolution

Answer 4

1. about 300,000 years ago early homo were replaced by modern humans in fossil records
2. 130,000 years ago modern humans began to migrate out of africa
3. evidence homospaiens mated with other homo specifies they encountered in europe and africa (we not just one species- we mixture)

Question 5

characteristics of the human brain

Answer 5

2x expected size for mammals of same size, across 7 mil years brain size trippled, with most growth in last 2 million, brain is also much more complex, compared to whale brain same size or larger, neocortex is specially complex, high number of convolutions

Question 6

difference between human and neanderthal brain

Answer 6

same but pattern of development very different- human shape changes significantly in first year- neanderthal grows steadily

Question 7

what is evolutionary psychology

Answer 7

focused on how evolution has shaped the mind and behaviour and attempts to explain mental and psychological traits (memory)

Question 8

what are dicotomous traits

Answer 8

traits that occur in one form or another, never in combonation

Question 9

what three things did mendel conclude from his studies

Answer 9

1. inheritance of each trait is determined by units or factors that are passed on to decendents unchanged
2. an individual inherits one from each parents for each trait
3. a trait may not show up in an individual but can still be passed on to the next gen

Question 10

chain of how genes/DNA effect behaviour

Answer 10

dna= protein=receptor=NT=affect reuptake=what and how much chemicals you have= what you do= behaviour

Question 11

how much is intelligence inherited

Answer 11

70%

Question 12

what is the horsley clark apparatus

Answer 12

allows for the positioning of the head of the patient within a precise system of stereotaxic coordinations - allows the mainpulation of the CNS

Question 13

what is fixation

Answer 13

the interuption of the deflation processes that begin when a cell dies- most common type is chemical fixation

Question 14

what is the main objective of fixation

Answer 14

to private the maximal preservation of tissue both structurally and chemically so can be seen under microscope

Question 15

what is immunocytochemistry

Answer 15

techniques that allow immunolocalisation through specific antibodies

Question 16

how does immunocytochemsity work

Answer 16

antibodies are raised against specific antigens or proteins and so it uses antibodies that bind to the targeted proteins

Question 17

what is insituhybridisation

Answer 17

uses a labeled complementary DNA, RNA or modified nucleic acids strand to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue`

Question 18

Auto radiograohy 2-deoxyglucose

Answer 18

Injection of radioactive glucose- then cells with this present must be more active

Question 19

In Vivo Microdialysis

Answer 19

A semiperembale membrane is attatched to the tip of cannulaAllows the monitoring of extracellular fluid- stuff can be taken out or put in

Question 20

what are electrolytic lesions

Answer 20

a wire is introduced into the brain and insulated expect the tip and a current is passed through

Question 21

Irreversable lesions

Answer 21

Allows in depth studies over time, functional and invasive

Question 22

reservable lesions

Answer 22

non invasive and functionalUse gaba receptor agonists which block neural activity

Question 23

chemical stimulation

Answer 23

cannulae are implanted and injections of antagonists are made with fine microinjections

Question 24

optogenetics

Answer 24

mapping brain circuits with light, take DNA from alge which have light gated ion channels and insert into brain, light then activates brain area

Question 25

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 25

Causes depolarisation in neurons by passing magnetic fields across the scalp Can test is a region is necessary for a process- non invasive-can be used to treat things if used repetivily , functional

Question 26

disadvantages of TMS

Answer 26

poor spatial and temporal resolution

Question 27

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 27

non invasive,Large electrodes are placed in the skull (cortical) or deep in the brain (sub-cortical) show state of arousal

Question 28

Positron Emission Tomography

Answer 28

non invasive, functional, high spatial resolution, poor temporal

Question 29

Computerised Axial Tomography (CT/CAT)

Answer 29

structural, non invasive,Involves using multiple x-ray images to form a 3D reconstruction of the brain

Question 30

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Answer 30

Measures hydrogen waves as emitted by radiofrequency- uses strong magnetic field and radio waves to take picture- low temporal resolution high spatial

Question 31

fMRI

Answer 31

functional, non invasive same as MRI good spatial, poor temporal resolution

Question 32

MEG

Answer 32

functional, non invasive-Records magneticfields produced by electrical currents naturally occurring in brain- high temporal low spatial