WEEK 6 COMPLETED SET Flashcards
wave frequency measures..
pitch
wave amplitude measures..
loudness
wave complexity measures..
timbre
what is the audible spectrum of sound
20-20000 Hz
ear drum
membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves
ear cannal
conducts sound waves to the ear drum
pinna
flexible outer flap of the ear which channels sound waves into the ear cannal
vestibule
fluid filled cavity that detects head position
vestibular nerve
carries info concerning balance to the brain
cochlear never
transmits nerve impulses from ear to the brain
semicircular canal
one of three fluid filled structures that play a role in balance
round window
soft piece that allows energy to be dissipated
what are the sub compartments of the cochlea
oval window, round window, stapes, tympanic cannal, cochlea duct, hair cells, organ of cortisones, basilar membrane
inner hair cells in ear (organ of corti)
look like coral moving to specific frequency of sound- translate it to an action potential
what is tonotopic organisation
different tones excite different areas of the basilar membrane and primary auditory cortex- as you go along different frequencies are processed
what is the place theory for pitch perception
for high pitch sounds, hairs in specific areas of the basilar membrane activate specific regions in the primary auditory cortex 5000-20000Hz
what is the frequency theory for pitch perception
for low pitch up to 100Hz, the rate of action potentials signals the frequency of sound waves- possibly due to AP not being able to go as fast as high pitch sounds
what is the volley theory for pitch percpetion
combination of action potentials slightly de-syncronised collectivly signal the frequency of sound waves (100-5000Hz)
conductive hearing loss
problems in outer/middle ear- amplification of sounds (eg. hearing aid) can be helpful
sensorineural hearing loss
problems in inner ear, auditory nerve and auditory cortex can be more complex- cochlea implants can translate sound waves to nerve impulses
causes of hearing loss
genetic congenital, disease, noise induced, age, medication/substances
how many odors can humans identify
2000-4000
parts of the olfactory system in the nose
olfactory tract, bulb, nerve fibre, receptor cell, and mucus, cilia, and olfactory epithelium
olfactory epithelium
lining in the nose, sends action potentials into olfactory bulb
what are the different taste receptors
sweet, salty, sour, bitter and unami and possibly savoury
how do we taste (gustation)
taste substance molecules dissolve in saliva,
olfactory and gustation perception
converge on parts of the limic system- orbitofrontal context and amygdala- only system not going via thalamus, straight link
mechanorecptors detect
pressure
thermoreceptors detect
tempreture
nociceptors detect
pain
phantom limb illusion
pain of amputees can be felt in missing limb, pain can be relieved with mirror box
proprioception
perception of body position- kinaesthetic sense- stretch and force receptors, located in the joints, muscles and tendons which provide feedback to the brain
vestibular system
controls balance information, inner ear:semi circular canals, otoliths, info sent to brain stem and cerebellum, to coordinate and adjust eye head and body movemnt
what is perceptual constancy
tendency to perceive objects as perceptually stable, despite variation in stimulation of sensory receptors- eg. same colour under different lights, size from dif distances and shape dif angle,
what are the gestalt principles
simplicity, proximity, similarity, continuation, symmetry, figure ground
what is the idea of gestalt
rules that describe how visual elements are organised into groups or unified whole- whole is bigger than sum of its parts
motion perception
some cells in retina sensitive to movement, and neurons in visual cortex respond to movement- two ways- eye stationary, object moves on retina, or eye moves to maintain object on same place on retina
depth perception
the organisation of perception into three dimensions, binocular and monocular cues tell us about this
what are binocular cues of depth
primary cues: retinal disparity- degree of overlap between retinas in each eye, convergence- eyes converge at small distances
monocular cues of depth
secondary cues eg. relative size, texture, gradient, height in plane, shading, interposition, motion parallax, linear perspecitve
what is synaesthesia
different perceptual experiences can be produced by cross modal or overlap in brain areas- eg. hearing colours and tasting shapes
subliminal perception
processing of sensory information that occurs bellow the levels of conscious awareness
affects of subliminal perception
can have a brief short term impact on behaviours and attitudes but disappears when aware of influence
what is subliminal persuasion
fairly unlikely rot produce large scale or enduring attitudes of decisional changes, reverse and self help stuff is ineffective
what is extrasensory perception
the perception of events outside the known channels of sensation
what are the three types of ESP
clairvoyance, precognition, telepathy
what is telepathy
knowledge of what another person is experiencing without the use of recognised sensory channels
what is clairevoyance
perceptual knowledge of objects or people in the environment
what is precognition
acquiring knowledge of future events other than by reasoning from current knowledge
