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psy112- lib > WEEK 2 COMPLETED SET > Flashcards

WEEK 2 COMPLETED SET Flashcards

1
Q

what is the nervous system

A

a vast network of nerve pathways and structures that mediate all aspects of being human eg. motor, cognitive, sonrory, perceptual, emotional and behavioural activity

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2
Q

what is a neuron

A

cell of the NS specialised for receiving and transmitting electrochemical signals

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3
Q

anatomy of a neutron from top to bottomq

A

dendrites, cell body, nucleaus, axon hillock, axon, node of ranvier, myelin sheath, collateral branches and terminal buttons

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4
Q

what is a gilial cell

A

important cells variety of shapes sizes and roles, play a supportive role to neurons, repair injury, clear up debris, prevent some substances from entering the brain, insulate neuron axons (mylein sheath)

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5
Q

what is a resting potential

A

in its resting state the fluid environment outside the axon is more positively charged than the inside- electrical potential of -60mV

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6
Q

what are graded potentials

A

electrical charges caused by neural signals arriving from the axons of other cells- can be inhibitory or excitatory

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7
Q

excitatory potentials

A

membrane potential become more positive, closer to the threshold more likely to fire

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8
Q

inhibitory potentials

A

membrane potentials become more negative and further away from threshold less likely to fire

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9
Q

when will a cell fire

A

when potentials are added together at the axon hillock if the threshold of excitation of -55mV

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10
Q

characteristics of action potentials

A

all or nothing, uniform in size, travel in one direction, takes1-2ms, can fire

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11
Q

what is an absolute refractory period

A

brief period of time when another AP cannot occur

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12
Q

processes involved in synaptic transmission

A
  1. NTs are encased in vescicles in the axon terminals
  2. when an AP is triggered in presynaptic neuron, NTs are released into the synaptic cleft
  3. the NTs attach to receptors and produce a graded potential in the post synaptic neuron
  4. the NT is inactivated (released from receptor) and taken back into the pre-synaptic cell (rey-take) or broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft or drift away
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13
Q

excitatory NTs..

A

cause depolarisation (an excitatory GP), increasing probability of AP

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14
Q

inhibitory NTs…

A

cause hyper polarisation reduces probability of an AP

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15
Q

glutamate

A

the main excitatory transmitter in CNS involved in learning, memory and transfer of sensory input- alcohol and memory enhancers interact with some glutamates receptors

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16
Q

gaba

A

the main inhibitory transmitter- dampens neural activity, involved in learning memory and sleep alcohol and anti-anxiety increase Gaba activity

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17
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

involved in muscle contraction, cortical arousal, selective attention, sleep and memory, nicotine increases, botox blocks it

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18
Q

noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

A

involved in cortical arousal and autonomic NS, meth increases it

19
Q

dopamine

A

motor function, reward eg. food, sex, drugs, gambling, shizo= increased parkingsons= less

20
Q

serotonin

A

cortical arousal, mood, sleeping, eating- used to treat depression by increasing, MDMA increasing serotonin

21
Q

endorphins

A

involved in pain control, mood elevation, called endogenous opioids,

22
Q

anadamine

A

associated with pain, control, eating behaviour, motivation, memory and sleep- endogenous cannaboid

23
Q

agonist drugs

A

enhance the effect of a neurotransmitter either by amount released, or mimicking it and binding to receptors eg. morphine and prozac

24
Q

antagonists

A

inhibits the effect of a given neurotransmitter by either reducing the amount and release or by blocking receptors eg. antipsycotics block dopamine receptors

25
Q

peripheral NS

A

carries information to and from the CNS includes somatic and autonomic NS- sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

26
Q

somatic NS

A

part of PNS- VOLUNTARY, transmits commends to skeletal muscles, conveys sensory info to CNS and sends motor msgs to muscles, receives information from muscles and skin

27
Q

Autonomic NS

A

part of PNS- serves basic life functions such as beating heart and response to stress, sends and recieves info to and from the glands and organs of a body

28
Q

CNS

A

directs psychological and basic life processes- responds to stimuli

29
Q

nervous system

A

provides the biological basis or psychological experience

30
Q

spinal cord

A

recieves sensory input, sends to brain, responds with motor output

31
Q

brain

A

directs psychological activity, processes info, maintains life supports

32
Q

parasympathetic NS

A

routine maintenance of energy resources (rest and digest) and decreasing arousal

33
Q

steps in detecting a threat

A

activation of sympathetic NS,

34
Q

steps in detecting a threat

A
  1. activation of sympathetic NS- stimulates peripheral organ and muscular response increase breathing and heart rate- digestion and salivation inhibited, pupil dilates, bowel relax
  2. response, threat is appropriately responded to flight vs fight or our perception chnages
  3. activation of the parasympathetic branch, decreases the activation state of the peripheral organs musculature, restoring normal levels of function
35
Q

definition of the endocrine system

A

system of glands that control vital functions eg. growth, metabolism, cardiovascular, reproduction

36
Q

what are hormones

A

chemicals released by the endocrine glands into the bloodstream- bind to cell recepor sites in organs of the body, similar actions and roles as neurotransmitters in the CNS

37
Q

role of hypothalamus in the endocrine system

A

regulates both the ANS and endocrine system by activating the pituiarty gland

38
Q

role of pituitary in the endocrine system

A

releases hormones which have a direct effect or which activate glands further down the chain

39
Q

oxytocin

A

involved in birth contractions, milk production, maternal/romantic love, interpersonal trust

40
Q

what is the HPA axis

A

works in conjunction with sympathetic system to respond to stress
hypothalamus, releasing factor, anterior pituitary, ACTH (through blood), adrenal cortex, cortisol

41
Q

adrenal glands function

A

release adrenaline and cortisol triggering flight or fight or maintaining it- when chronically activated by HPA axis, can cause big problems

42
Q

role of thyroid gland in the endocrine system

A

releases growth hormone, metabolises ones, hypothyroidism associated with fatigue and depreaaion

43
Q

role of pancreas in the endocrine system

A

controls blood sugar levels- produces insulin

44
Q

role of gonads in the endocrine system

A

releases sex hormones- oestrogen and testostrone

psy112- lib (12 decks)

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