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BIOL 121 > week 9 > Flashcards

week 9 Flashcards

Urinary system structure + function, renal regulation + urine formation and fluid + electrolyte balance

1
Q

Primary function of urinary system

A
  • Excretion
  • Osmoregulation
  • Acid-based balance
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2
Q

Secondary function of urinary system

A
  • EPO secretion
  • Renin
  • Calcitriol
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Detoxification
  • BP homeostasis
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3
Q

Functions of urinary system components (4)

A

Kidney - produces urine

Ureter - Transports urine towards the urine bladder

Urinary bladder - temporarily stores urine prior to elimination

Urethra - Conducts urine to exterior, in males transports semen as well

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4
Q

External Anatomy

A

adrenal gland
fibrous tissue
fat layer

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5
Q

Overall diagram of kidney (label)

A 
Cortex
Medulla
Renal capsule
Pelvis
Hilum
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6
Q

Nephron

A
  • corpuscle, tubules & collecting duct
  • filters blood to produce urine
  • adjusts levels of nutrients & wastes by:
    • reabsorption
    • secretion
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7
Q

Urinary cycle

A

Renal artery -> segmental arteries -> interlobar arteries -> arcuate arteries -> afferent arterioles -> glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries -> venules -> cortical radiate veins -> arculate viens -> interlobar viens -> renal viens

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8
Q

Afferent and efferent arteriole

A

Afferent arteriole ENTERS glomerulus - blood is filtered
Efferent arteriole leaves glomerulus
Peritubular capillaries delivers blood to venules

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9
Q

Nerve supply

A
  • Autonomic control
  • Sympathetic nerve fibres
    • Adjust rate or urine formation
    • Stimulates renin release
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10
Q

Renal nerve sympathetic activity

A
  • Stimulates renin release
  • Enhances renal sodium and water resorption
  • Causes renal vasoconstriction
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11
Q

Path of urine flow

A 
Kidney pyramids 
Minor calyces
Major Calyces
Renal pelvis
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
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12
Q

Parts of urine production

A

glomerular filtration, relevant pressures, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

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13
Q

Roles of kidneys in BP control

A

autoregulation, autonomic regulation

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14
Q

3 parts to the Nephron

A
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Renal tubule
  • Collecting duct
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15
Q

Renal corpuscle

A
  • afferent arteriole
  • glomerulus
  • bowman’s capsule/ capsular space
  • efferent arteriole
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16
Q

Renal tubule (3 parts)

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  • loop of henle
  • distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
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17
Q

Nephron (2 substances involved)

A

Blood:
- is filtered (corpuscle) to make urine

Urine:
- which is collected in tubules and emptied into collecting ducts

18
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A
  • receptors
  • in wall of afferent arteriole
  • sense change in BP
  • secretes renin when BP is low
19
Q

Urine formation

A
  • glomerular filtration
  • tubular reasborption
  • tubular secretion
20
Q

What is reabsorbed

A
  • most water 99%
  • most ions (sodium & potassium)
  • all nutrients
  • urea (50%)
21
Q

3 forces of filtration

A
  • glomerular hydrostatic (forces water out of capillary into capsule)
  • capsular hydrostatic (water pushes back into capillary from capsule)
  • colloid osmotic (proteins inside capillary draw water back into capillary)
22
Q

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

A
  • Out of blood = 50 mmHg
  • Back into blood = 15+25 mmHg
  • Net = 50-40 = 10mmHg out of blood
23
Q

Collecting system

A
  • receive fluid from many nephron
  • begins in cotrex
  • descends into medulla
  • carries fluid towards minor calyx
24
Q

Micturition reflex (2 parts)

A

SNS - Store

PNS - Pee

25
Q

Polyuria

A

lots of urine (>30mL/kg)

26
Q

Oliguria

A

minimal urine (0.5mL/kg)

27
Q

Anuria

A

no urine

28
Q

Storage (micturition)

A

garding reflex -> distension -> afferent impulse -> increase sympathetic outflow ->increase bladder outlet tone and decrease detrusor contraction -> promotes continent

29
Q

Voiding (micturition)

A

micturition reflex -> significant distension -> intense afferent impulse -> increase parasympathetic outflow and decrease sympathetic outflow -> decrease bladder outlet tone

30
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A
  • volume of fluid filtrated per minute
  • normal GFR = 90-125 ml/min

Afferent arterioles dilate - more blood flows in, increase GFR

Afferent arterioles constrict - less blood in decrease GFR

31
Q

Regulation of GFR

A

GFR need to be constant

  • Low GFR = can’t excrete waste
  • Hight GFR - less time for reabsorption
32
Q

Body water content

A
  • at birth: 70-80%
  • adulthood: 50-65%
  • old age: 40-45%
33
Q

Body water intake and loss

A

INTAKE

preformed: 2300ml/day
metabolic: 200ml/day

LOSS
kidneys: 1500ml/day
skin: 600ml/day
lungs: 300ml/day
GIT: 100mml/day
menstrual flow
34
Q

Fluid compartments

A 
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
- plasma
- interstitil fluid
- other
35
Q

Water in the body

A
  • main component of all body fluids
  • movement via osmosis
  • if fluids are balanced so are electrolytes
  • we aim for balance unless directed otherwise
36
Q

Dehydration

A

thirst centre in hypothalamus stimulated

adjusting water volume = ADH, aldosterone

37
Q

ADH

A
  • decrease plasma volume
  • collecting ducts more permeable to water
  • more concentrated urine
38
Q

ADH secretion

A
  • stimulated by anything that increases loss
  • inhibited by alcohol and high blood volume
  • dilute urine
39
Q

Electrolytes in body fluids

A

inside: potassium, protiens and phosphates
outside: sodium and chloride

40
Q

Specific Gravity (SG)

A

High SG:

  • urine concentrated
  • more solutes in each ml

Low SG:

  • urine dilute
  • less solutes in each ml
41
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • retain more sodium, water (water always follows sodium)

- more water (increases blood volume thus GFR)

BIOL 121 (12 decks)

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