week 5

Question 1

Functions of muscles

Answer 1

• movement
• maintaining posture + body position
• support soft tissue
• guard entrances + exits
• body temperature
• store nutrients reserves

Question 2

Types of skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 2

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

Question 3

Skeletal muscle tissue (characteristics)

Answer 3

voluntary
multiple nuclei
contracts rapidly

Question 4

Cardiac muscle tissue (characteristics)

Answer 4

involuntary
mostly single nuclei
contracts as a unit (syncytium)

Question 5

Smooth muscle tissue (characteristics)

Answer 5

involuntary
single nuclei
contracts slowly

Question 6

Growth + development (3 terms)

Answer 6

hypertrophy - increased growth
hyperplasia - increased number
atrophy - no growth

Question 7

Endocrine system

Answer 7

coordinates functions between organs through hormones via bloodstream affect target tissue function

Question 8

Primary + secondary organs (functions)

Answer 8

primary endocrine organs: secrete hormones

secondary endocrine organs: something else as well as secrete hormones

Question 9

Endocrine gland (function)

Answer 9

release hormones into blood stream (ductless)

Question 10

Exocrine gland (function)

Answer 10

secretes chemicals into body cavity, organ lumen or surface (into ducts)

Question 11

Hormones

Answer 11

distributed via circulation
most hormones affect only a few types of cells
specific receptor
low concentration

Question 12

Hormone classes (list 3)

Answer 12

endocrine - function at a distance
autocrine - function at cell that makes them
paracrine - function at regional level

Question 13

Anterior pituitary

Answer 13

makes and releases own hormones

connection via capillary beds

Question 14

Posterior pituitary

Answer 14

stores + releases hormones made by the hypothalamus

connection via nerve fibres

Question 15

Metabolic rate - thyroid hormone

Answer 15

increase mobilisation + utilisation of glucose, fat + protein

Question 16

Cardiovascular - thyroid hormone

Answer 16

increase target cell responsiveness to adrenaline (effects cardiac output)
increase ventilation rate

Question 17

Neuromuscular function - thyroid hormone

Answer 17

permissive for growth + development

promotes effects of growth hormone + insulin-like growth factors

Question 18

Gastrointestional tract function - thyroid hormone

Answer 18

motility + secretions

Question 19

Adrenal glands

Answer 19

sensory inputs from environment

hormones from the hypothalamus control release of anterior pituitary hormones

Question 20

Adrenal cortex: cortisol (3 substances impacts)

Answer 20

carbohydrates: increase glucose levels and protects agains hypoglycaemia
proteins: increase catabolism, blood amino acid levels and glucose production
fats: increase lipolysis and free fatty acids

Question 21

Blood glucose level (high and low)

Answer 21

blood glucose level is too high: insulin is released

blood glucose level is too low: glucagon is released

Question 22

Label the muscles

Answer 22

deltoid (shoulder)
pectoralis major (pecs)
biceps branchii (front arm)
rectus abdominus (abs)
quadricepts (front thigh)
trapezium (neck and centre top back)
triceps branchii (back arm)
gluteus maximus (butt)
hamstring (back thigh)
gastrocnemius (calfs)

Question 23

Label the hormone glands

Answer 23

pineal (above cerebellum)
hypothalamus (above the pituitary, near the corpus callosum)
pituitary (below the hypothalamus)
thyroid + parathyroid (throat)
pancreas (under the stomach)
adrenal (on top of the kidneys)
ovaries + testies