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BIOL 121 > week 3 > Flashcards

week 3 Flashcards

Body defences, nervous system structure + function

1
Q

Antigen

A

capable of introducing an immune response

anything foreign to the host

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2
Q

Body defences (list 2)

A

non-specific

specific

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3
Q

Non-specific defences

A

general defence/ attack on all antigens
first and second line defences
react the same each time

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4
Q

Specific defences

A

specialist/ targeted defence against one type of antigen

third line defences

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5
Q

First line defences

A

keep invaders out via chemical and physical barriers

skin - epidermis, sebum + sweat
mucous membranes - mucous, hairs + cillia
fluids - tears, saliva, nasal secretions + urine
defecation - vomiting, coughing + sneezing

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6
Q

Second line defences

A

act once microbes have entered the body

antimicrobial chemicals
phagocytes
natural killer cells
inflammation
fever
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7
Q

Antimicrobial chemicals

A

is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth

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8
Q

Phagocytes

A

attracted to the affected site by chemotaxis, destroy bugs and clean up dead tissues

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9
Q

Natural killer cells

A

immune surveillance- targets abnormal cells

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10
Q

Inflammation

A

the bodies response to damages cells, destroys and removes antigens, cleans up dead tissue + debris

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11
Q

Fever

A

systemic response

temp increases to kill of bugs
higher metabolic rate

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12
Q

Third line defences

A

develops on exposure to a particular antigen

uses B + T lymphocytes made in bone marrow

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13
Q

B and T cells (where they mature + type of immunity)

A

B cells -> mature in bone marrow
T cells -> mature in thymus

T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity
B cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity

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14
Q

Functions of the nervous system (3 components)

A

sensory - knows whats happening
integrative - makes decisions
motor - does something about it

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15
Q

Two parts of the nervous system

A

central nervous system (CNS)
- brain + spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- all nervous tissue outside the CNS

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16
Q

PNS divisions (2 parts)

A

afferent (sensory information)

efferent (motor commands)

17
Q

Afferent (sensory)

A

brings sensory information to the CNS from the receptors situated in peripheral tissues + organs

18
Q

Efferent (motor) 2 sub categories

A 
somatic nervous system (SNS)
     - controls skeletal muscle movement
     - involuntary + voluntary
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
     - parasympathetic (rest and digest) + sympathetic (fight or flight)
     - controls subconscious actions
19
Q

Neural tissue (2 parts)

A

neurons - cells that send + receive signals

neuroglia (glial cells) - cells that support + protect neurons

20
Q

Neurons and synapse elements (cell body, dendrite, axon, axon terminal, synapse)

A

cell body

  • nucleus
  • organelles

dendrites

  • highly branches
  • receive input from other neurons and take it to cell body

axon
- single long process
carries electrical signals (action potential) away from cell body to other neurons or effectors

axon terminals

  • some enlarge -> synaptic end bulbs
  • synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters

synapes
- structure that allows a neuron to communicate with another cell
- pre-synaptic: neuron that sends message
- post-synaptic: neuron that receives message
- synaptic cleft: the small gap that separates the pre-
synaptic and post-synaptic membrane

21
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

a chemical substance which is released at the end of a nerve fibre by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, effects the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fibre, a muscle fibre, or some other structure.

22
Q

Nerve fibres

A

the axon of a neuron
axons run together
- CNS: tract
- PNS: nerve

23
Q

Neuronal cell clumps (in the CNS + PNS)

A

CNS -> nucleus

PNS -> ganglion

24
Q

Myelin sheath

A

made by glial cells
fatty white sheath around axons
increase speed of transmission

25
Q

White + grey matter

A

white matter - myelinated nerve fibres

grey matter - un-myelinated cell bodies and dendrites

26
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

ECF + ICF differ in ionic composition

 - high concentration of K+ inside
 - high concentration of Na+ outside
27
Q

Na+/K+ Exchanger

A
  • Active transport
  • uses ATP
  • Transports
    • 2 K+ into the cell
    • 3 Na+ out of the cell
28
Q

Action potential

A

the membrane gets less negative and then returns to the resting level -> action potential

  1. depolarisation (inside cell becomes less negative)
    - for a short time the cell becomes (+)
  2. repolarisation (inside of the cell is becoming more negative)
  3. hyperpolarisation (it becomes more negative than at rest)
  4. resting membrane potential
29
Q

Depolarisation

A

Na+ ions enter the cell through voltage-gate Na+ channels and make the cell become less negative

30
Q

Repolarisation

A

K+ ions leave the cell through voltage-gated K+ channels and the cell becomes more negative

31
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A

too many K+ ions leave the cell and cell become more negative than at rest

32
Q

Refractory periods

A

absolute refractory period - no new action potential can be evoked
relative refractory period - new action potential can be evokes (requires a very strong stimulus)

33
Q

Synapes/ neurotransmission process

A
  • action potential travels along axon and reaches the pre-synpatic terminal
  • Ca+ channels open
  • Ca+ enters
  • neurotransmission chemical (acetylcholine)
  • Ca+ and the neurotransmission chemical form balls
  • Neurotransmission chemicals diffuses across the synaptic cleft
  • the neurotransmission chemical binds to the receptor (ion channels)
  • ion channels open
  • cations such as sodium flow into the post-synapetic terminal
  • if the sodium generates a big enough depolarisation the action potential continues along the next axon
34
Q

Label the neuron

A 
cell body
nucleus
dendrites
axon terminal
axon
action potential

BIOL 121 (12 decks)

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