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BIOL 121 > week 8 > Flashcards

week 8 Flashcards

Respiratory system structure + function, ventilation and gas exchange, transport + cellular respiration

1
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A
  • Gas exchange
  • Protection from:
    • dehydration
    • temperature changes
    • pathogens
  • Produce sound
  • Olfaction
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2
Q

2 Airway components

A
  • bronchi

- bronchioles

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3
Q

3 Parenchyma components

A
  • functional tissue
  • blood vessels
  • alveolus
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4
Q

Label the upper respiratory tract

A 
paraanasal sinuses
nasal cavity
soft palate
hard palate
nostril
oral cavity
tongue
trachea
pharynx
larynx
vocal cords
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5
Q

Random saying

A

C 3, 4 & 5 keeps the diaphragm alive

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6
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity
- air warmed and humidified

Conchae

  • surface area increased - warming
  • turbulence for filtration

Larynx

  • conduit
  • protects airway
  • produces sound
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7
Q

Label the lower respiratory tract

A 
larynx
tracheal cartilage
left primary bronchi
left lung
bronchioles
alveolar sac
alveoli
diaphragm
trachea
right primary bronchi
right lung
ribs
intercostal muscles
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8
Q

Trachea

A

C shaped cartilage
mucosal layer
cilia
divides into R & L bronchi

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9
Q

The bronchial tree

A

bronchus + one
primary, secondary & tertiary
ciliated
as they divide increase cartilage, decrease smooth muscle

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10
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • smaller diameter
  • lack cartilage support and mucus-producing cells
  • complete layer of circular smooth muscle
  • diameter regulated by ANS
  • two types of bronchioles: terminal & respiratory
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11
Q

Respiratory zone

A
  • respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

- large surface area & thin walls allow gas exchange

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12
Q

Path from nose to alveoli

A 
external nasal
nasal cavity
internal nares
pharynx
larynx
epiglottis
trachea
broncho
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
alveoli
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13
Q

Bronchodilation

A

when the bronchi and bronchioles dilate, decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lungs.

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14
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

constriction of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle, with consequent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath

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15
Q

Alveoli

A
  • thin walls
  • note relationship with capillaries
  • note elastic fibre
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16
Q

Surfactant

A

reduce surface tension
- reduce alveolar

immune system effects

  • directly bactericidal
  • enhance phagocytosis
17
Q

Respiratory defences

A 
nose hair
muciciliary escalator
cough & sneeze reflexes
alveolar macrophages
antibodies
18
Q

Ventilation

A

how the air moves in and out of the lungs

19
Q

Gas exchange

A

how oxygen & CO2 are exchanged between lungs & blood, blood & tissues

20
Q

Gas transport

A

Oxygen & CO2 in the blood

21
Q

Gas laws

A

Air moves down pressure gradients
increase volume = lowers the pressure
gases move from high pressure to low pressure
decrease volume = increase pressure

22
Q

Mechanics of breathing ( 2 phases)

A

INSPIRATION (inhalation) - air flows into the lungs

EXPIRATION (exhalation) - gases exit the lungs

23
Q

Respiratory cycle

A

Air flow occurs from area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

24
Q

Gradients (3 types)

A

AT REST:
P outside = P inside — no air movement

INHALATION:
P outside > P inside — air in

EXHALATION:
P outside < P inside — air out

25
Q

Airway resistance

A

Air flow changes inversely with resistance

  • airway diameter: (bronchodilation & bronchoconstriction)
  • nature of air flow
  • lung compliance: change in transpulmonary pressure to achieve change in lung volume
26
Q

Inspiration

A 
Inspiratory muscles contract
diaphragm descends &amp; rib cage rises
intrathoratic volume increases
lungs stretch
intrapulmonary pressure drops
gases flow In until intrapulmonary pressure =0
27
Q

Expiration

A 
Inspiratory muscles relax
diaphragm rises &amp; rib cage descends
intrathoratic volume decreases
lungs recoil
intrapulmonary pressure rises
gase flow OUT until intrapulmonary pressure = 0
28
Q

Pleura

A
  • essential for normal breathing
  • surrounds each lung
  • double layered membrane
    • parietal layer (chest wall)
    • visceral layer ( stuck to lung tissue)
    • pleural cavity with fluid in between
29
Q

Dead space

A
  • anatomical dead space: volume of the conducting respiratory passages (150mL)
  • alveolar dead space: alveoli that ceases to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction
  • total dead space: sum of alveolar and anatomical dead space
30
Q

Regulation of respiration

A

PONS:

  • apneustic centre - inspiration/ rhythm
  • pneumotaxic centre - switch of inspiration

MEDULLA:

  • dorsal respiratory groups - dominant
  • ventral respiratory groups - exercise & stress
31
Q

Receptors (5)

A 
central chemoreceptors
peripheral chemoreceptors
irritant receptors
baroreceptors
J-receptors
32
Q

Internal respiration

A

Gas exchange between blood and tissues

33
Q

Gas exchange

A

02 & CO2 transported in blood (limited solubility in plasma)

02 - dissolved in plasma
- attached to haemoglobin

CO2 - dissolved in plasma

     - converted to carbonic acid
     - attached to haemoglobin
34
Q

Main CO2 transport

A

Carbonic acid

35
Q

Main 02 transport

A

haemoglobin

36
Q

CO2 and pH

A

more CO2 = more H+ (acidic)
less CO2 = less H+ (alkaline)

ACIDOSIS - more H+ than usual
ALKALOSIS - less H+ than usual

37
Q

Haemoglobin and Partial pressure

A

Higher P02 (patial pressure of oxygen) results in greater Hb (haemoglobin) saturation

  • increase P02 = Hb binds 02
  • decrease P02 = Hb releases 02
38
Q

Haemoglobin

A
  • 02 binds to iron (Fe2+) in the haem units
  • four haem units = four 02 binding sites
  • oxyhaemoglobin (Hb02)
39
Q

Environmental factors affecting Hb

A

Any change in shape of haemoglobin will affect oxygen binding

  • P02 of blood
  • Blood pH
  • Temperature
  • Metabolic activity within RBC’s

BIOL 121 (12 decks)

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