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BIOL 121 > week 11 > Flashcards

week 11 Flashcards

Metabolism, pharmacology and reproductive system structure + function

1
Q

What does nutrients do when absorbed

A

Used immediately for energy for active
processes

Synthesized into structural or functional
molecules

Converted to fat or glycogen for later use as
energy

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2
Q

2 types of metabolism

A

Anabolism & Catabolism

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3
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down
large molecule
into smaller units

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

Building more
complex molecules
from smaller ones

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5
Q

Metabolic Rate

A 
• Total of all anabolic and catabolic
processes underway
• Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of
energy used by a person at rest
• Homeostatic regulation of body
temperature
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6
Q

Factors that influence metabolic rate

A 
• Surface area, age, gender, stress, and
hormones
• As the ratio of surface area to volume
increases, BMR increases
• Males have a disproportionately high BMR
• Stress increases BMR
• Thyroxine increases oxygen consumption,
cellular respiration, and BMR
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7
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Catabolism:
Glycolysis

Anabolism:
Glycogenesis

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8
Q

Lipids

A

Catabolism:
Lipolysis

Anabolism:
Lipogenesis

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9
Q

Protiens

A

Catabolism:
Proteolysis

Anabolism:
Protein synthesis

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

• Extract components of biological
macromolecules from food and rebuild into
tissues

• Obtain energy stored in chemical bonds in
food and convert into a useful form

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11
Q

Cellular metabolism

A 
• The end result of most
chemical catabolism in the
body is energy
• This occurs in the cell
• The three main molecules in
the body that produce
energy are carbohydrates,
proteins and lipids in our
diet
• 40% of the energy released
is captured in ATP and the
rest is released as heat
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12
Q

ATP stand for

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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13
Q

Nutrient pool

A

• Large molecules are catabolised in the digestive system to become the smaller
molecules of glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol = “the nutrient pool”
• These smaller molecules can be absorbed through the intestinal wall into blood
and then to the liver

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14
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism

A

• Complex carbs are broken down in the GIT to glucose,
which is absorbed into the blood and sent to the liver
• The glucose is distributed throughout the body for
cellular metabolism, where it is used to produce energy
(ATP)

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15
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Glucose is catabolized to produce energy in
three pathways:
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs cycle (aka TCA or citric acid cycle)
3. The electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative
phosphorylation

Glucose + Oxygen react to give water + carbon
dioxide + energy (ATP)

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16
Q

Lipid metabolism

A
  • Energy rich fats and oils (esp triglycerides)

* Regulation similar to glucose metabolism

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17
Q

Protein metabolism

A

• Protein can be used as fuel if there is insufficient

carbohydrate or fat available

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18
Q

Absorptive and post-absorptive states

A

Metabolic controls equalise blood concentrations
of nutrients between two states
1. Absorptive
– The time during and shortly after nutrient intake
2. Post-absorptive
– The time when the GI tract is empty
– Energy sources are supplied by the breakdown of
body reserves

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19
Q

What is a drug

A

any substance that, when
taken or administered into the
body has a physiological effect

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20
Q

Oral drugs advantages and disadvantages

A 
Advantages: 
• Convenient
• Easy concordance
• Cost-effective
• No sterility restraints
• Many forms available
Disadvantages:
Poor bioavailability
GIT irritation potential
Dependant on
• pH
• Enzymes
• Microbiome
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21
Q

Drug release

A

Immediate release
Delayed release
Extended release

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22
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Absorption
Drug gets into blood stream
- Route, bioavailability

Distribution
Drug gets around
- Protein binding, blood brain barrier, ?quarantined sites

Metabolism
Biotransformation
- First Pass Effect, Induction/Inhibition of metabolism

Excretion
Drug gets out of body
- Kidneys, bowel, lungs, skin

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23
Q

Male reproductive system

A

The male reproductive system makes male gametes

(sperm) & delivers them to the female reproductive tract

24
Q

Female production system

A

The female reproductive system makes female gametes
(ova), delivers an ovum to the Fallopian tube, accepts the male gametes (sperm), and provides protective
environment for the developing foetus until birth
Breasts provide milk to nourish newborn baby

25
Q

Sex gonads

A

Testes in males
Ovaries in females
- produce sex cells (gametes) and reproductive hormones

26
Q

Scrotum function Male

A
  • Sac of skin hanging outside the abdominopelvic cavity

- Houses testes and epididymides, keeps sperm at 3 °C lower than core body temperature  to optimise sperm viability

27
Q

Testes functions Male

A
  • In scrotum — produces sperm and testosterone
28
Q

Epididymis Male

A
  • Also in scrotum alongside testes, comma-shaped

- Sperm mature/become motile & can be stored for months

29
Q

Vas deferens function Male

A

duct from each epididymis through peritoneal cavity,
joins with duct of seminal vesicle -> delivers sperm to
urethra

30
Q

Seminal vesicle function Male

A

posterior wall of bladder -> provides fluid for semen

31
Q

Ejaculatory Duct function Male

A
  • joins vas deferens to urethra

- passes through prostate gland

32
Q

Prostate gland function Male

A
  • inferior to bladder at proximal end of urethra -> provides the bulk of the fluid for semen
33
Q

Bulbourethral gland function Male

A

inferior to prostate gland -> alkaline fluid lubricates & neutralises traces of acidic urine in urethra

34
Q

Urethra function Male

A

Duct from bladder through prostate gland & penis -> transports both semen & urine (at different times…)

35
Q

Penis function Male

A
  • Ensures delivery of semen to
    vagina
    Contains erectile tissue - corpus spongiosum (surrounds urethra) and 2 corpora cavernosa run the length of the penis and fill with blood during sexual arousal (erection)
36
Q

Sperm function male

A
  • Are formed in seminiferous tubules
37
Q

Testosterone function Male

A
  • Is produced in interstitial (Leydig) cells, which lie between the tubules
38
Q

Scrotum

A
  • Houses testes and epididymides

* Nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels of testes pass in the spermatic cord

39
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that takes places in the gonads to
produce sex cells (gametes)
• 2 consecutive cell divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II)
• Produces 4 daughter cells with a haploid number of
chromosomes (23)

40
Q

Male reproduction

A

Sperm formation, which takes place in seminiferous
tubules of testes
• Begins at puberty & continues for life
• Approximately 400 million sperm are produced per
day
• 4 haploid sperm (23 chromosomes) produced from
each stem cell
• The whole process takes about 70–80 days
• Complete maturation of sperm takes place in the
epididymides

41
Q

Sperm

A

Sperm consist of
• a head (containing DNA) with an acrosome “cap”
containing enzymes (to ensure penetration of the ovum)
• a “collar” of mitochondria
• a flagellum (tail)

42
Q

Semen

A
  • Mixture of sperm and fluid from the accessory glands
  • Alkaline in nature to neutralise female acidity
  • 2–5 ml per ejaculation
  • 50–150 million sperm/ml of semen
  • = 100–750 million sperm/ejaculate
43
Q

Ovaries function female

A

• Make ova, oestrogens, and progesterone
• Located on each side of uterus — held by ligaments
• Peritoneal fold “tents” over uterus and supports uterus,
uterine tubes, vagina
• Accessory structures • Uterus, Fallopian (uterine) tubes, vagina

44
Q

Uterus function female

A

Receives and nourishes fertilised ovum

• Consists of body, fundus, cervix

45
Q

Fallopian tubes function female

A

Extends laterally from each side of uterus, open to peritoneal cavity, terminates in fimbriae near each ovary
• Site of fertilisation

46
Q

Vagina function female

A

Receives penis and is an outlet for menstrual fluid and baby.

47
Q

External genitalia

A

Labia majora, labia minora, clitoris

48
Q

Perineum

A

Skin and underlying muscles between vulva and anus

49
Q

Breasts

A

• Mammary glands produce & secrete milk

50
Q

Uterus

A
  • A pear-shaped organ with 3 layers
  • Peri, Myo, and Endometrium
  • Endometrium thickens each menstrual cycle and functional layer sloughs off (menstruation), if fertilisation does not occur
51
Q

Ovaries

A

• Each ovary has outer cortex containing ovarian follicles.
• Each follicle consists of an oocyte (immature ovum) surrounded by
cells. If one layer -> follicle cells; if more than one layer ->
granulosa cells.
• Inner region of the ovary is medulla -> contains nerves, and blood/lymphatic vessels

52
Q

Oogenesis

A

• Begins in female foetus
• At birth a female’s lifetime supply of primary oocytes
(up to a million) are in place in immature ovarian
cortex
• At puberty, a small number of these are activated each
month
• Usually only one will become a functional gamete
(ovum) per menstrual cycle

53
Q

Corpus luteum (Yellow body)

A

The “empty” vesicular follicle

• A hormone factory -> produces oestrogen and progesterone

54
Q

Corpus albicans (White body)

A

• Remnants of the corpus luteum after it degenerates at the end of menstrual cycle

55
Q

ANS sexual activity

A

Parasympathetic reflexes are involved in arousal
Sympathetic activity contributes to ejaculation & orgasm
(e.g., HR and BP increase)

BIOL 121 (12 decks)

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