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BIOL 121 > week 6 > Flashcards

week 6 Flashcards

Genes/ genetics, heart anatomy + heart physiology

1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

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2
Q

Where is it found?

A

in the nucleus, tightly packed

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3
Q

What is it made of?

A

nucleotides

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4
Q

DNA purpose

A

it is instructions to build proteins

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5
Q

Components of DNA

A

nucleus -> chromosomes -> nucleosome strands -> chromatin -> double helix ->

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6
Q

Parts of a chromosome

A

centromere, short arm, long arm, telomere

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7
Q

Telomere

A

Protect

Often reduce after each replication

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8
Q

Number of chromosomes

A

46 chromosomes

23 – Mum
23 – Dad

make 23 pairs

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9
Q

DNA letters (4)

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine

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10
Q

Types of chromosomes

A

22 - autosomes

1 - sex chromosome

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11
Q

Genotype

A

gene which codes for a specific trait

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12
Q

Phenotype

A

physical expression (appeartance)

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13
Q

Alleles - trait names

A

variation on the same trait

  • if 2 identical ‐ called homozygous
  • if 2 different ‐ called heterozygous
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14
Q

Alleles - trait types

A

dominant:
- appears more frequently than another trait
recessive:
- expressed only when genotype is homozygous

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15
Q

Polygenic

A

> 1 gene contributing

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16
Q

Monogenic

A

1 gene contributing

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17
Q

Mutation

A

change in nucleotide sequence

usually detected & repaired

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18
Q

Sex chromosomes

A
  • females XX
  • males XY (X from Mum, Y from Dad)
  • X chromosomes larger -> more genes
19
Q

Diploid

A

2n (2 x 23 = 46 chromosomes)
‘double’
Non gametes

20
Q

Haploid

A

n (23 chromosomes)
‘single’
gametes

21
Q

Cell division (2 types)

A

mitosis: division of somatic (body) cells

meiosis: division of gamete (sex) cells
• eggs and sperm

22
Q

Mitosis

A

2 daughter cells
diploid
identical

asexual - for growth

23
Q

Meiosis

A

4 daughter cells
haploid
non identical

sexual - make gametes

24
Q

What is CVS and 3 components

A

cardiovascular system

heart
vessels
blood

25
Q

Layers of the heart wall - Myocardial layers

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

26
Q

What are the 4 cambers

A

right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle

27
Q

What are the 4 valves

A

aortic valve
tricuspid valve
pulmonary valve
mitral valve

28
Q

Coronary veins

A

superficial

empty into coronary sinus & right atrium

29
Q

Major vessels (label to and from)

A 
inferior vena carva
superior vena carva
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
arch of the aorta
carotid artery
thoracic aorta
abdominal aorta
jugular vein
subclavian vein
30
Q

Pressure

A

things move from high to low pressure

  • volume decrease pressure increase (& visa versa)
  • passive process
31
Q

Cardiac muscle

A 
muscle needs an electrical stimulus to make it
work
- heart has its own ‘stimulator’
- automaticity
- cardiac conduction system
32
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

the ‘pacemaker’

in the wall of the right atrium

33
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

junction between atria and ventricles

34
Q

AV bundle

A

in the septum
carries impulses to left and right bundle
branches

35
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

distribute impulse through ventricles

36
Q

ECG stands for

A

ElectroCardioGram

37
Q

What does the ECG do?

A

measures electrical activity that accompanies

each heart beat

38
Q

Components of ECG’s

A

P wave – atrial depolarisation
QRS complex – ventricular depolarisation
T wave – ventricular repolarisation

39
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

period between start of one heartbeat and the
beginning of the next

includes both contraction and relaxation of both
atria and ventricles

40
Q

Phases of cardiac cycle

A 
atrial systole (contraction)
atrial diastole (relaxation)
ventricular systole (contraction)
ventricular diastole (relaxation)
41
Q

Cardiac cycle - rest

A

atrium pressure > ventricle
AV valves open
ventricle pressure < artery
• SL valves shut

42
Q

Cardiac cycle - contraction (first and second sounds)

A

pressure in ventricle is higher than in atrium - AV valves shut to stop back flow

first heart sound (lubb) - can only occur once ventricle has begun contracting and its pressure rises

pressure in ventricle is higher than in
artery SL valves will open to let blood out

second heart sound (dubb) - can only occur once ventricle has begun to relax and its pressure drops

43
Q

Heart sounds (list 4)

A

S1 – close AV valves
S2 – close SL valves
S3 as ventricle fills
S4 atrial systole

44
Q

Average heart rate + cardiac cycle

A

80-100 BPM

0.8 seconds (0.5-relaxation, 0.3-contraction)

BIOL 121 (12 decks)

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