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BIOL 121 > week 12 > Flashcards

week 12 Flashcards

Hormonal regulation, maternal changes pregnancy + birth

1
Q

Where is Oxycontin is produced and secreted

A

produced: hypothalamus
secreted: posterior pituitary

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2
Q

SERTOLI cells MALE

A 
• ‘Nursing cells’
• Protect developing/maturating sperm
• Assist their maturation
• Make sure that the immune system does
not destroy them (Blood–Testis barrier)
• In fact, sperm develop and mature inside
the Sertoli cells
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3
Q

LEYDIG cells MALE

A
  • ‘Interstitial cells’

* Produce testosterone

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4
Q

ENDOCRINE CONTROL IN MALES

A

Negative feedback

  • GnRH stimulates LH and FSH secretions
  • FSH stimulates Sertoli cells
    • They become better ‘nurses’  spermatogenesis
    • They produce inhibin
      • Inhibin is a peptide hormone
  • LH stimulates Leydig cells
    • The produce testosterone  spermatogenesis
      • Testosterone is a lipid (steroid) hormone
  • Inhibin inhibits GnRH and FSH secretions
  • Testosterone inhibits GnRH and LH secretions
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5
Q

Effects of testosterone

A
  • Responsible for the development of male genitalia
  • Essential for spermatogenesis
  • Secondary male characteristics
  • Powerful anabolic hormone
  • Behavioural effects (??)
  • Libido (there is a catch here)
  • Inhibits GnRH, LH (and probably FSH) productions
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6
Q

ENDOCRINE CONTROL IN FEMALES

A

Both negative and positive feedback

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7
Q

Effects of oestrogens

A

Prepares the body for intercourse and conception

• Essential for the development and maturation of female sexual organs
(primary female sexual characteristics)
• Essential for egg production
• Produce secondary female characteristics
• Essential for regeneration and proliferation of endometrium
• Increase uterine motility
• Essential for breast development and maturation
• Anabolic effects (i.e., promote growth of muscle and bones)
• Effects on the central nervous system (libido and related behaviours)
• Inhibit GnRH, LH, and FSH productions
• With some positive feedback thrown in

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8
Q

Effects of progesterone

A

Prepares the body for pregnancy and helps maintain it

• Stimulates endometrial secretion (secretory phase)
• Stimulates secretion of the Fallopian tubes (egg/zygote survival…)
• Decreases uterine contractions (helps implantation and then
keeping the pregnancy)
• Also necessary for breast development
• Inhibits GnRH, LH, and FSH productions
• With some positive feedback thrown in

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9
Q

Day 1

A

first day of bleeding

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10
Q

Day 14

A

Ovulation

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11
Q

Pre-ovulation phase

A
  • Oestrogen phase
  • Follicular phase (Follicle is developing)
  • Proliferative phase (endometrium)
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12
Q

Post-ovulation phase

A
  • Progesterone phase
  • Lutein phase (corpus luteum)
  • Secretory phase (endometrium)
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13
Q

LH surge

A

When the body’s levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) rise, it triggers the start of ovulation, and the most fertile period of the menstrual cycle occurs.

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14
Q

Pregnancy

A

Oestrogen and progesterone levels continuously increase

• First trimester
• hCG production (by the developing placenta)
• hCG maintains the activity of the corpus luteum
-> Progesterone and oestrogen production
• After the first trimester
• Corpus luteum disappears
• Buts this is OK
• By this time, the placenta is capable of taking care
of oestrogen and progesterone productions

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15
Q

fertilization

A 
• oocyte ovulated
• uterine tube
• 12 to 24 hours
• outer layer follicular cells attached
• sperm live for about 5 days
• ‘capacitation’
– become fully functional
– exposure to seminal
gland secretions
• gain motility
– exposure to female tract
• able to fertilise
• single successful sperm
• triggers cortical reaction
– zona pellucida hardens
• prevents polyspermy
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16
Q

Twins

A
  • fraternal = dizygotic
  • two separate oocytes ovulated and fertilised
  • same relatedness as any two siblings

• identical = monozygotic
• single oocyte released and fertilised
• division early in
development

17
Q

Implantation

A

Day 2-12: Trophoblasts

18
Q

Stages of intrauterine development

A

pre-embryonic stage = from 0 – 2 weeks
embryonic stage from 3 – 8
weeks foetal stage = from 9 weeks – birth

19
Q

Trimesters

A
  • first trimester
  • major organ systems appear
  • embryonic and early foetal
  • second trimester
  • development organs and organ systems
  • third trimester
  • rapid growth
  • most organ systems fully functional
20
Q

Blood volume increases: Pregnancy

A
  • blood flow to placenta reduces blood volume in systemic circulation
  • foetal metabolic activity reduces PO2 & increases PCO2
  • Stimulates erythropoietin from kidney
  • maternal volume increased by 30 – 50% by term
21
Q

Kidneys: Pregnancy

A 
• GFR increases 50%
• because blood volume increased
• wastes from foetal metabolism excreted
• pregnant women need to urinate frequently
– extra urine
– foetus pressing on bladder
22
Q

Respiratory: Pregnancy

A
  • increased tidal volume, deeper breathing
  • higher O2 demand as metabolic rate increases
  • also, mum more sensitive to CO2
  • progesterone
  • breathing adjusts so CO2 in blood is lower
  • lower PCO2 aids diffusion of foetal CO2
23
Q

Mammary Glands: Pregnancy

A
  • development involves many hormones
  • oestrogen, progesterone, prolactin…
  • colostrum
  • 1st 2 to 3 days
  • antibodies: passive immunity
24
Q

Gastrointestinal tract

A
  • nausea & vomiting
  • heartburn
  • enlarging uterus pressing upwards on stomach, causing reflux
  • constipation
  • reduced intestinal motility from steroids of pregnancy (progesterone) relax smooth muscle
  • pressure from enlarging uterus on rectum and lower portion of colon
25
Q

Metabolic Rate

A
  • requirements for nutrients climb 10 to 30%
  • BMR may climb 15%
  • may feel overheated
  • also effort of carrying extra weight
26
Q

Key female hormones

A
  • oestrogen
  • prostaglandin
    • stimulates smooth muscle contractions
  • oxytocin
    • stimulates smooth muscle contractions
  • cortisol
    • ‘stress’ hormone
    • from foetus
27
Q

Preparation for pregnancy

A
  • oestrogen:
    • increases sensitivity myometrium
    • increases sensitivity to oxytocin
  • relaxin:
    • relaxes pelvic articulation
    • dilates cervix
28
Q

Birth

A
  • foetus: may trigger birth
  • cortisol
  • oxytocin: causes prostaglandin release
  • stretching
  • cervix and myometrium
  • any stretching of smooth muscle increases its contractility
  • mother also releasing oxytocin
29
Q

Three stages of labour/ birth

A
  • first: dilation (of cervix)
  • second: expulsion (of baby)
  • third: placental stage
30
Q

Dilation

A
  • variable time; usually 8 or more hours
  • contractions begin about 30 minutes apart
  • periodic relaxation allows blood flow
  • ‘water’s break’: foetal membrane ruptures
  • cervix dilates (widens), stretches, and thins
  • engagement: foetal head enters pelvis
  • until cervix = 10 cm open
31
Q

Expulsion

A
  • from full dilatation till birth of baby
  • 10 to 30 mins or longer (variable)
  • contraction of myometrial smooth muscle
  • every 2–3 minutes
  • lasting 1 minute
  • crowning at vulva
  • head extension
  • baby born; umbilical cord clamped & cut
32
Q

Placental

A

• 5 to 30 mins
• expulsion of placenta, umbilical cord & membranes
• uterus continues to contract – oxytocin
• blood vessels(umbilical, placental) constrict
• placenta begins to separate from uterine wall
• uterine blood vessels tear, bleed
• uterine contractions help compress vessels &
restrict blood flow

BIOL 121 (12 decks)

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