week 1 Flashcards
Levels of organisation, cells + tissues and homeostasis
Atoms
smallest form of matter
Molecules
a group of atoms
Cells (definition + functions)
a group of atoms,molecules and organelles working together
functions: take in nutrients (feeding) take in oxygen (respiration) removes waste (excretion) repair + grow (reproduction) Sense and react (irritability)
Disease often affect structure + function of cells
Drugs modify cell function + structure
Tissues (definition + list 4 types)
a group of similar cells working together for a specific function
types: epithelial connective muscle neural
Organs (definition + function)
a group of different tissues working together
functions: control/ direct cool + warm move digest protect remove reproduce store support transport
Organ systems
an organ system is a group of organs working together
Organism
a human is an organism
Elements are made of (2 things) + their functions
ions and symbols
Functions: structure, storage, messengers and control
Macro-molecules (list 4)
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids/ fats
Nucleic acids
Anatomical Position
hands at side, palms forward, feet together
Cell membrane (definition + substances that are found)
the boundary between ICF (inter-cellular fluid) and ECF (extra-cellular fluid)
Includes: Double layer of phospholipids proteins cholesterol steroids carbohydrates
Phospholipids (2 parts)
hydrophilic phosphate heads (water loving)
hydrophobic lipid tails (water hating)
Protein components in the bilayer
can be peripheral or integral proteins
types: receptor channels, gates or pumps anchoring proteins carrier proteins
Functions of cell membrane
maintains the composition of ICF + ECF
determines movement of substances in and out of the cell
communicates with other cells and organs (receptors)
links adjacent cells
Selective permeability
cell membrane is selectively permeable
Lets some substances in/ out, but not others
this is due to the lipid bilayer
Membrane transport (definition + lipid and water soluble types and other modes)
transport through the plasma membrane can be active or passive transport
Lipid-soluble: simile diffusion
Water-soluble (ion + water): pass through protein channels/ gates/ pumps using
- diffusion
- osmosis
- active transport
larger molecules use carrier proteins: facilitated diffusion
Organelles of the cell and their functions (list 4)
nucleus - control centre of the cell + contains DNA
rough endoplasmic retitculum - modifies and transports proteins
ribosomes - protein synthesis
mitochondria - site of cellular respiration
Epithelium functions
protecting/lining absorbing filtration excretion secretion
Epithelium characteristics (+ 3 different shapes)
cells are tightly packed together
little extracellular material (matrix)
avascular
Grow rapidly, high turn over (labile)
squamous - flat
cuboidal - square
columnar - cylinder
Epithelium layers
Single layer - simple
many layers - stratifies
pseudostratified - single layer but uneven sizes
Surface specialisations (list 3 and their function)
Mircovilli - increase surface area and increase absorption
Cillia - contract in unison and sweeps substances across the cell surface
Keratin- waterproofs the skin cell
Connective tissue functions
supports and binds other tissues
provides insulation and protection
Matrix
fill the space between cells
Maybe fluid or semi-fluid, gel or firbrous
Muscle tissue functions
specialised movement
maintains joint stability
provides postural control
produces heat
Types of muscle tissue (list 3)
skeletal- voluntary
cardiac - involuntary
smooth - involuntary
Neural tissue function
communication
Homeostasis definition + 6 examples
the bodies ability to maintain a stable internal environment within a narrow pre-set range, relative to a variable external environment
If there is a disruption the body corrects changes
regulated: gases ions nutrients pH water temperature
What is used to maintain homeostasis (+ definition)
nerve impulses or chemical messengers transmit information feedback systems - body conditions are: monitored evaluated maintained/ changes re-monitored
Outline the process of feedback systems
stimulus - produce change
receptor - detects change/ receives stimulus
control centre - processes signal + send instructions/ commands
effectors - respond to change
Feedback types (list 2)
negative feedback
positive feedback
Negative feedback
responds to stimulus to reverse the change back to normal state
Positive feedback
strengthens or enhances the stimulus to produce even greater change
(produce large, rapid change in stressful or dangerous situations)
Major disruptions to feedback
injury - punctured lung, severe cut/ burn
illness - flu, inflammation, bacterial infection
disease - diabetes, anaemia, heart disease
lifestyle - smoking, drinking, sleep deprived
Label the cell structure
nucleus mitochondria cytoplasm plasma membrane rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) ribosomes smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Label the cavities of the body
cranial cavity vertebral cavity superior mediastium pleural cavity pericardial cavity abdominopelvic cavity pelvic cavity
Terms for the directional terms
left + right cranial + caudial (head + but) posterior + anterior (back + front) proximal + distal (shoulder + hand) medial + lateral (centre of body + away from the body) inferior + superior (down + up)
Label the cell membrane
hydrophilic head hydrophobic tails cholesterol gated channels integral protein with channel peripheral proteins glycolipids
