Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 121 > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

Levels of organisation, cells + tissues and homeostasis

1
Q

Atoms

A

smallest form of matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Molecules

A

a group of atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cells (definition + functions)

A

a group of atoms,molecules and organelles working together

functions:
take in nutrients (feeding)
take in oxygen (respiration)
removes waste (excretion)
repair + grow (reproduction)
Sense and react (irritability)

Disease often affect structure + function of cells
Drugs modify cell function + structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tissues (definition + list 4 types)

A

a group of similar cells working together for a specific function

types:
epithelial
connective
muscle
neural
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Organs (definition + function)

A

a group of different tissues working together

functions:
control/ direct
cool + warm
move
digest
protect
remove
reproduce
store
support
transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Organ systems

A

an organ system is a group of organs working together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Organism

A

a human is an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Elements are made of (2 things) + their functions

A

ions and symbols

Functions: structure, storage, messengers and control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Macro-molecules (list 4)

A

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids/ fats
Nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anatomical Position

A

hands at side, palms forward, feet together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cell membrane (definition + substances that are found)

A

the boundary between ICF (inter-cellular fluid) and ECF (extra-cellular fluid)

Includes: 
Double layer of phospholipids
proteins
cholesterol
steroids
carbohydrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Phospholipids (2 parts)

A

hydrophilic phosphate heads (water loving)

hydrophobic lipid tails (water hating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Protein components in the bilayer

A

can be peripheral or integral proteins

types:
receptor
channels, gates or pumps
anchoring proteins
carrier proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Functions of cell membrane

A

maintains the composition of ICF + ECF
determines movement of substances in and out of the cell
communicates with other cells and organs (receptors)
links adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Selective permeability

A

cell membrane is selectively permeable
Lets some substances in/ out, but not others
this is due to the lipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Membrane transport (definition + lipid and water soluble types and other modes)

A

transport through the plasma membrane can be active or passive transport

Lipid-soluble: simile diffusion

Water-soluble (ion + water): pass through protein channels/ gates/ pumps using

  • diffusion
  • osmosis
  • active transport

larger molecules use carrier proteins: facilitated diffusion

17
Q

Organelles of the cell and their functions (list 4)

A

nucleus - control centre of the cell + contains DNA
rough endoplasmic retitculum - modifies and transports proteins
ribosomes - protein synthesis
mitochondria - site of cellular respiration

18
Q

Epithelium functions

A 
protecting/lining
absorbing
filtration
excretion
secretion
19
Q

Epithelium characteristics (+ 3 different shapes)

A

cells are tightly packed together
little extracellular material (matrix)
avascular
Grow rapidly, high turn over (labile)

squamous - flat
cuboidal - square
columnar - cylinder

20
Q

Epithelium layers

A

Single layer - simple
many layers - stratifies
pseudostratified - single layer but uneven sizes

21
Q

Surface specialisations (list 3 and their function)

A

Mircovilli - increase surface area and increase absorption

Cillia - contract in unison and sweeps substances across the cell surface

Keratin- waterproofs the skin cell

22
Q

Connective tissue functions

A

supports and binds other tissues

provides insulation and protection

23
Q

Matrix

A

fill the space between cells

Maybe fluid or semi-fluid, gel or firbrous

24
Q

Muscle tissue functions

A

specialised movement
maintains joint stability
provides postural control
produces heat

25
Q

Types of muscle tissue (list 3)

A

skeletal- voluntary
cardiac - involuntary
smooth - involuntary

26
Q

Neural tissue function

A

communication

27
Q

Homeostasis definition + 6 examples

A

the bodies ability to maintain a stable internal environment within a narrow pre-set range, relative to a variable external environment
If there is a disruption the body corrects changes

regulated:
gases
ions
nutrients
pH
water
temperature
28
Q

What is used to maintain homeostasis (+ definition)

A 
nerve impulses or chemical messengers transmit information
feedback systems - body conditions are:
monitored
evaluated
maintained/ changes
re-monitored
29
Q

Outline the process of feedback systems

A

stimulus - produce change
receptor - detects change/ receives stimulus
control centre - processes signal + send instructions/ commands
effectors - respond to change

30
Q

Feedback types (list 2)

A

negative feedback

positive feedback

31
Q

Negative feedback

A

responds to stimulus to reverse the change back to normal state

32
Q

Positive feedback

A

strengthens or enhances the stimulus to produce even greater change
(produce large, rapid change in stressful or dangerous situations)

33
Q

Major disruptions to feedback

A

injury - punctured lung, severe cut/ burn
illness - flu, inflammation, bacterial infection
disease - diabetes, anaemia, heart disease
lifestyle - smoking, drinking, sleep deprived

34
Q

Label the cell structure

A 
nucleus 
mitochondria
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
ribosomes
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
35
Q

Label the cavities of the body

A 
cranial cavity
vertebral cavity
superior mediastium
pleural cavity
pericardial cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
pelvic cavity
36
Q

Terms for the directional terms

A 
left + right 
cranial + caudial (head + but)
posterior + anterior (back + front)
proximal + distal (shoulder + hand)
medial + lateral (centre of body + away from the body)
inferior + superior (down + up)
37
Q

Label the cell membrane

A 
hydrophilic head
hydrophobic tails
cholesterol
gated channels
integral protein with channel
peripheral proteins
glycolipids

BIOL 121 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions