week 4 Flashcards
CNS + PNS and bones + joints
Parts of the brain (4 main + sub parts)
cerebrum
diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
cerebellum
brain stem
- medulla
- pons
- mid-brainCerebrum matter + hemispheres
white matter - inside
grey matter - outside
left + right hemispheres
- spearated by longitudinal fissure
- connected by corpus callosum
Brain lopes (list 4)
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
diencephalon
Temporal lobe
memories, integrating them with sensations of taste, sound, sight and touch.
Parietal lobe
processes information about temperature, taste, touch and movement
Frontal lobe
cognitive functions and control of voluntary movement or activity
Occipital lobe
primarily responsible for vision
Diencephalon
- connects sensory pathways to the cortex
- controls the amount of sensory information reaching the cortex
- controls emotions, motivation and behaviour
contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
Cerebellum
- adjusts muscle tone
- movement control
- coordination
- proprioception
Brainstem parts and their functions
midbrain
- reflex centre for head and eye movement
pons
- accommodates some of the respiratory centres
- connects the medulla and cerebellum to the rest of the brain
medulla oblongata
- connects spinal cord to the brain
- sensory + motor pathways pass along the medulla
- respiratory + cardiovascular centres and swallowing + vomiting centres.
Protection of CNS
- cranial bones/ vertebrae
- meninges
- cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- blood-brain barrier (BBB)
Cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) purpose
- cushions delicate structures
- transports nutrients, chemical messengers + wastes
Spinal cord sections + functions
cervical enlargement -upper limbs
lumbar enlargement - lower limbs
- conducts sensory information from receptors to the brain
conducts motor information from brain to effector organs
Spinal root (list 3)
anterior/ ventral root
- contains axons of motor (efferent) neurons
posterior/ dorsal root
- contains axons of sensory (afferent) neurons
dorsal root ganglia
- contains cell bodies of sensory neurons
Spinal reflex process
receptor afferent (sensory) nerve integration centre efferent (motor) nerve effector (muscle)
Somatic nervous system
- responsible for voluntary movements
- nerves innervate skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system
- responsible for controlling various bodily functions unconsciously
- innervates heart, smooth muscle + glands
Sympathetic division (ANS)
increases: alertness, HR, respiratory rate + muscular abilities, dilates airway, energy reserves, sweat glands
fight or flight
Parasympathetic division (ANS)
decrease: metabolic rate, HR, promotes gastrointestinal functions
rest and digest
Ganglion
collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS
Types of nerve (divisions)
sympathetic - short pre-ganglionic nerve fibres
- long postganglionic nerve fibres
parasympathetic - long pre-ganglionic nerve fibres
- short postganglionic nerve fibres
Dual innervation
- most vital organs receive dual innervation by both parasympathetic + sympathetic
- other organ/ systems have single innervation
Autonomic tone
resting level of autonomic activity
Musculoskeletal system functions
- support + posture
- protection
- movement
- homeostasis
- haemopiesis
- fat storage
Skeletal system components (list 3)
bones - many functions
tendons - connects muscle to bone
ligaments - connects bone to bone
Osseous tissue
- dense, supportive conective tissue
- contains specialised cells
Bone cell (3 types)
osteocytes
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
Osteocytes
mature bone cell
maintains the bone matrix
Osteoblasts
immature bone cells
secrete organic components
BUILD osteiod and promote ostegensis
Osteoclasts
secretes acids + protein-digesting enzymes
dissolve bone matrix + release minerals
Joints (where are they found)
- two or more bones
- bone + cartilage
- bones + teeth
Types of joints
immovable joints - extremely strong, no movement
slightly movable joints - more movable + strongish
freely movable joints - large range of movement
Articular cartilage
smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints
lubricated by synovial fluid
Synovial fluid
- lubrication
- nutrient distribution
- shock absorption
- waste removal
Synovial joints (5 types list + role)
cartilage - cushion joint
fat pads - protect articular cartilages
ligaments - support, strengthen joints
tendons - attach muscles around, joints, help support joint
bursae - pockets of synovial fluid, cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub
Label the parts of the brain
cerebrum corpus callosum thalamus hypothalamus pituitary glands pons medulla cerebellum spinal cord
Label the lobes
frontal lobe (front) parietal lobe (upper back) occipital lobe (lower back) temporal lobe (under) cerebellum (bottom back)
Label the skeletal structure
cranium (head) facial bones (face) clavicle (collar bone) scapula (shoulder blade) humerus (upper arm bone) sternum (middle chest) rib cage (chest) vertebral column (spine) ulna (lower bone closer to body) radial (lower bone away from body) carpals (upper hand) metacarpals (middle hand) phalanges (fingers) pelvis femur (thigh bone) patella (knee bone) tibia (big leg bone) fibula (smaller leg bone) tarsals (upper foot bone) metatarsals (middle foot bone) phalanges (toes)
Label the joint
articular cartilages compact bone fibrous joint joint cavity medullar cavity perioseum spongy bone synovial membrane
