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BIOL 121 > week 7 > Flashcards

week 7 Flashcards

Blood vessels/flow, BP/HR regulation + blood composition and haemostasis

1
Q

Blood vessels (what they transport)

A

Transport:

  • essential nutrients towards cells
  • wastes away from cells
  • regulating molecules to/from cells
  • dissipation of heat
  • cells & chemicals for protection/ defence
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2
Q

Blood vessels (how they transport)

A

Exchange of materials between blood & tissues

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3
Q

Maintaining one way flow (list 3)

A

Valve:
- prevent back flow

Skeletal muscle pump
- massaging effect of muscle movement on the veins and assisting in blood flow up

Respiratory pump
- breathing in decreases pressure in the chest allowing blood to flow up more easily

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4
Q

Blood flow

A

Blood volume through a vessel within a given time period

Pressure difference = hight -> low

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5
Q

Blood flow resistance

A

Flow decreases as resistance increases

  • vessel diameter
  • vessel length
  • blood viscosity
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6
Q

Capillary Osmotic pressure (OPc)

A
  • force opposing hydrostatic pressure

- mainly due to plasma proteins

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7
Q

Capillary Hydrostatic pressure (HPc)

A

force exerted by fluid pressing against a wall

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8
Q

Net movement

A

Fluids will leave capillary if net HPc is greater than OPc
- OUT>IN

Fluids will enter capillary if net OPc is greater than HPc
- IN>OUT

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9
Q

Capillary exchange (3 types)

A

Diffusion:

  • water, ions and small molecules
  • some ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-) through channels

Filtration

  • driven by hydrostatic pressure
  • determined by size

Reabsorption
- driven by blood colloid osmotic pressure

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10
Q

HR

A

Heart Rate = beats per minute

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11
Q

SV

A

Stroke Volume = mL per beat

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12
Q

CO

A

Cardiac Output = mL per minute

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13
Q

Systolic BP

A

pressure exerted against vessel at contraction

• Identified as top number

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14
Q

Diastolic BP

A

pressure exerted at against vessel at relaxation.

• Identified as bottom number.

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15
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

difference between SBP & DBP.

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16
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

A

average arterial blood pressure

S + D + D
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
      3
s - systolic
d - diastolic

(Over 60 = good)

17
Q

Stroke volume (3 parts)

A

Preload
• Stretch in muscle fibres
• More stretch… more strength….. to a limit

Afterload
• Pressure needed to open SL valves -> eject blood.

Contractility
• Force of contraction

18
Q

2 Parts of ANS of the heart

A

SNS
increase Heart rate (chronotropic)
increase Contractility (inotropic)

PSNS
decrease Heart rate
decrease Contractility

19
Q

Regulation of heart rate (2 components)

A

Internal
- Cardiac conduction system

External control

  • Medulla oblongata
  • Centres
20
Q

Antagonistic control ( 2 centers)

A

Cardioacceleratory

Cardioinhibitory

21
Q

Function of blood

A 
Transport 
•oxygen,nutrients,waste,hormones, drugs
•Regulation of pH and ions 
•body temperature, pH, fluid volume
•Protection 
•blood loss, infection
22
Q

Composition of blood

A
  1. Plasma (fluid)
    •water plus proteins
    •carries nutrients,hormones, gases,wastes and electrolytes
  2. Regulation of pH and ions
    •RBC, WBC, platelets
    •all formedinbone marrow (stem cells)
23
Q

Red blood cells + haemoglobin

A
  • makes blood red

* binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

24
Q

Haemoglobin structure and function

A

Iron binds oxygen
•Oxyhaemoglobin
•deoxyhaemoglobin

Protein binds CO2
•carbaminohaemoglobin

25
Q

RBC structure and function

A
  • High surface to volume ratio
  • quickly absorbs and releases oxygen
  • Discs form stacks (roleau)
  • smooth flow through narrow blood vessels
  • Discs bend and flex entering small capillaries
  • 7.8µm RBC passes through 4 µm capillary
26
Q

White blood cells (leukocytes)

A
  • No haemoglobin (not red)
  • Have nuclei and other organelles
  • Live hours-years
  • Five different types

WBC functions
•defend against pathogens
•remove toxins and wastes
•attack abnormal cell

27
Q

Five types of leukocytes

A

Neutrophil - Phagocytic -bacteria (40-70% WBC)

Eosinophil - increase in allergic reactions and parasitic infections (1-4% WBC)

Basophil - Release histamine and contain heparin (0.5-1% WBC)

Lymphocyte - B cells, T cells &NK cells (20-45% WBC)

Macrophage - AKA monocytes –enter tissues to become macrophages (4-8% WBC)

28
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes)

A
  • Fragments of very big cells (megakaryocytes)
  • Circulate 9-12 days
  • Removed by spleen
  • 2/3 reserved for emergencies
29
Q

Platelets –three functions

A
  • Release important clotting chemicals
  • Temporarily patch damaged vessel walls
  • Reduce size of break in vessel wall
30
Q

Haemostasis

A

Cessation of bleeding

Three phases

  • Vascular phase
  • Platelet phase
  • Coagulation phase
31
Q

Vascular phase

A

Immediate vasoconstriction:

  1. contract & expose basement membrane
  2. Release chemicals
    •inc.vWF–platelets to collagen
    •Stimulate smooth muscle contraction
  3. Endothelium become “sticky”
    •Seal off blood flow
32
Q

Platelet phase

A

Begins to seal damaged vessel

Platelet adhesion
•chemicals from damaged tissue
•platelets become sticky

Platelet aggregation
•release chemotactic substances
•forms plateletplug

33
Q

Coagulation phase

A 
Begins ~30 sec after injury
•Blood clotting = coagulation 
•Liquid blood forms gel 
•Cascade of reactions (dominoes) 
•End result = conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
34
Q

Clot retraction

A
  • Final step
  • Platelets pull on fibrin –threads contract
  • Pulls torn edges of vessel closer together
  • reducing bleeding & stabilising injury site
  • Reduces size of damaged area •makes repair easier
35
Q

Blood typing + surface antigens

A

Surface antigens
•cell surface proteins that identify cells to immune system
•normal cells are ignored and foreign cells attacked

Blood types
•genetically determined
•by presence/absence of RBC surface antigens A, B, Rh (or D)

36
Q

Cross-reactions in transfusions

A
  • AKA transfusion reactions
  • Plasma antibody meets its specific surface antigen •Blood will agglutinate (clump) and haemolyse
  • Occurs if donor and recipient blood types incompatible

BIOL 121 (12 decks)

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