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Anatomy 2 > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

Urinary system

1
Q

Name (2) functions of the urinary system?

A
  • Elimination of waste products
  • Regulation of aspects of homeostasis
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2
Q

(3) Elimination waste products

A
  • Nitrogenous wastes
  • Toxins
  • Drugs
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3
Q

(6) Regulation aspects of homeostasis controlled by the urinary system?

A
  • Water balance
  • Electrolytes
  • Acid-base balance in the blood
  • Blood pressure
  • RBC production
  • Activation of vitamin D
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4
Q

______________ is a charged ion that started as a salt because it dissolved in water

A

Electrolyte

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5
Q

(2) chemicals that are important in acid-base balance?

A
  • Hydrogen (determines acidity)
  • Bicarbonate (soaks up hydrogen)
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6
Q

____________ is produced by the kidneys to make RBCs

A

Erythropoietin

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7
Q

(3) vitamin D functions:

A
  • Immune function
  • cellular growth
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8
Q

(4) Urinary system organs

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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9
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is the _______________, consisting of millions of microscopic funnels and tubules.

A

nephron

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10
Q

The nephron can be divided into (2) distinct parts:

A
  • The renal corpuscle -> filter
  • The renal tubule
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11
Q

Where does reabsorption and secretion take place in the nephron?

A

The renal tubule

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12
Q

Renal corpuscle consists of which (2) parts?

A
  • Glomerulus
  • Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
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13
Q

Bowman’s capsule is AKA?

A

Glomerular capsule

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14
Q

_____________ a knot of capillaries, surrounded by podocytes

A

Glomerulus

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15
Q

_______________ surrounds the glomerulus and is the first part of the renal tubule

A

Glomerular capsule

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16
Q

The glomerulus allows everything to be filtered through except? (2)

A

Cells and proteins

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17
Q

______________ have filtration slits and foot processes that stick to the glomerulus. This permits passage of small molecules into the Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

A

Podocytes

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18
Q

______________ extends from
glomerular capsule and ends all the way when it empties into the collecting duct

A

The renal tubule

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19
Q

the (3) subdivisions of the renal tubule are:

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  • Nephron loop (Loop of Henle)
  • Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
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20
Q

Convoluted means?

A

Twisting and turning

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21
Q

The nephron is everything from the glomerulus to the collecting ducts, true or false?

A

True

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22
Q

___________________ are located entirely in the cortex and include most nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons

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23
Q

___________________ is found at the middle of the cortex and medulla

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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24
Q

Nephron loop dips deep into the ______________?

A

medulla

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25
Q

(2) capillary beds of the nephrons?

A
  • Glomerulus
  • Peritubular capillary bed
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26
Q

Secretion and reabsorption in the ______________ bed

A

Peritubular capillary bed

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27
Q

___________________ is fed and drained by
afferent and efferent arterioles

A

Glomerulus

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28
Q

What (2) factors make the glomerulus a high pressure area?

A
  • Convoluted shape
  • Efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter
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29
Q

High pressure forces _____________ and ____________ out of blood and into the glomerular capsule

A

fluid and solutes

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30
Q

Is the filtrate red? Why yes or no?

A

No because there are no RBCs

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31
Q

_________________________________ arise from efferent arteriole of the glomerulus and has normal, low-pressure, porous capillaries

A

Peritubular capillary beds

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32
Q

Is the glomerulus or peritubular capillary beds adapted for absorption
instead of filtration?

A

Peritubular capillary beds

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33
Q

_________________________ is the destination of the blood that is flowing through the peritubular capillary

A

interlobar
veins

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34
Q

(3) Steps Urine Formation

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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35
Q

____________ transport is when you go from a high concentration area to low concentration area with NO ATP

A

Passive

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36
Q

Where does glomerular filtration occur?

A

In the glomerulus

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37
Q

Where does tubular reabsorption occur?

A

In renal tubule

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38
Q

_____________ is the fluid that ends up in the glomerular capsule

A

Filtrate

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39
Q

Where does tubular secretion occur?

A

In renal tubule

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40
Q

Filtration is a _______________ passive process

A

nonselective

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41
Q

Filtrate is collected in the glomerular capsule and leaves via the _____________________?

A

renal tubule

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42
Q

Filtrate will be formed as long as systemic blood pressure is ______________?

A

Normal

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43
Q

Amount of filtrate created/min is known as?

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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44
Q

____________ is abnormally low urine output (between 100 and 400
ml per day)

A

Oliguria

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45
Q

_______ is less than 100 ml of urine produced per day

A

Anuria

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46
Q

The sympathetic nervous system will stop urine production by constricting ____________________?

A

afferent arteriole

47
Q

The peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances from the renal tubule cells, such as (4):

A
  • Water
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Ions Na+ -> Important
48
Q

Some reabsorption is passive; most is _________?

A

Active

49
Q

Most reabsorption (about 65%) occurs in the _______________________________?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

50
Q

Whenever sodium is reabsorbed, what else is reabsorbed with it?

A

Chloride

51
Q

_________________________ products are poorly reabsorbed, if at all

A

Nitrogenous waste

52
Q

(3) Nitrogenous waste products

A
  • Urea
  • Uric acid
  • Creatinine
53
Q

The nephron loops makes the __________ gradient

A

Salinity

54
Q

______ is the end product of protein breakdown (about ½ is actually reabsorbed, but this is an OK concentration)

A

Urea

55
Q

_____________ results from nucleic acid breakdown – actually reabsorbed but later secreted)

A

Uric acid

56
Q

______________ is associated with creatine metabolism in muscles (not reabsorbed)

A

Creatinine

57
Q

Which Nitrogenous waste product does NOT get reabsorbed?

A

Creatinine

58
Q

The ______________ loop is only permeable to water but impermeable to salt (pulls water out of the tubule)

A

descending

59
Q

The ______________ loop is only permeable to salt but impermeable to water (pulls salt into interstitial fluid)

A

ascending

60
Q

We want urea to act as a salt which is why we reabsorb 1/2 (draw water out of collecting duct). True or false?

A

True

61
Q

Is creatine the same as creatinine?

A

No

62
Q

Parathyroid hormone going to stimulate reabsorption of calcium from the ____________________ tube

A

distal convoluted

63
Q

Aldosterone stimulates sodium reabsorption at (2)?

A

distal convoluted tube and ducts

64
Q

Tubular secretion is reabsorption in ___________?

A

reverse

65
Q

In tubular secretion what (2) materials move from the blood of the
peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules?

A

▪ Hydrogen and potassium ions
▪ Creatinine

66
Q

Tubular Secretion is important for (3)?

A
  • Getting rid of substances not already in the filtrate
  • Removing drugs and excess ions
  • Maintaining acid-base balance of blood
67
Q

Acid base balance is maintained in the nephron tubule hydrogen is secreted and bicarbonate is going to be reabsorbed

A
68
Q

pH is a measure of _______________ concentration

A

hydrogen ion

69
Q

Primary function of loop of Henle?

A

Create salinity gradient

70
Q

Loop of Henle allows collecting duct to concentrate urine by reabsorbing ________ and so conserving water

A

water

71
Q

The thick part of the loop of Henle is not permeable to water, so water cannot leave the tubule meaning the tubular
fluid becomes very __________ by the time it enters the distal convoluted tubule

A

dilute

72
Q

In the distal convoluted tubule about ____% of water and ___% of salts from the
glomerular filtrate remain upon arrival to the DCT

A
  1. 20%
  2. 7%
73
Q

DCT and collecting duct accomplish reabsorption, mainly through?

A

hormone regulation

74
Q

What is the major site for reabsorption?

A

Proximal tubule

75
Q

What (2) hormones are primarily responsible for reabsorption of water and electrolytes by the kidneys

A
  • ADH
  • Aldosterone
76
Q

Aldosterone is from the __________________?

A

Adrenal cortex

77
Q

ADH is from the ___________________?

A

Posterior pituitary

78
Q

What results when ADH
is not released (2)?

A
  • More urination
  • Dehydration
79
Q

Renin is secreted from?

A

juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus - In the afferent arteriole

80
Q

__________________________ Consists of modified smooth muscle cells in
the afferent arteriole plus some cells of the distal tubule

A

juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus

81
Q

When cells of the JG apparatus are stimulated by low blood pressure, the enzyme _________ is released into blood

A

renin

82
Q

Renin catalyzes reactions that
produce ______________?

A

angiotensin II

83
Q

Angiotensin II (2) functions?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Causes aldosterone release
84
Q

Angiotensin II result is increase in (2)?

A
  • Blood volume
  • Blood pressure
85
Q

Slide 34*

A
86
Q

The neural regulation of low blood pressure is the _____________ nervous system causing vasoconstriction

A

sympathetic

87
Q

What are the “grapes” of the hypothalamus?

A

osmoreceptors

88
Q

______________ monitor how salty the blood is

A

osmoreceptors

89
Q

____________ contains everything that blood plasma does (except proteins and cells)

A

Filtrate

90
Q

_________ is what remains after the filtrate has lost most of its water, nutrients, and necessary ions through reabsorption

A

Urine

91
Q

In urine, the yellow color due to the
_________________ (from the destruction of hemoglobin) and
solutes

A

pigment urochrome

92
Q

Specific gravity = density of urine / density of urine

A
93
Q

Specific gravity range of urine is?

A

1.001 to 1.035

94
Q

___________________ in urine indicates that the urine is too diluted, or that the concentration of solutes is low relative to water

A

low specific gravity

95
Q

__________________ is a condition that can cause a high specific gravity?

A

diabetes insipidus- Because not secreting ADH

96
Q

In low blood pressure, would you have high or low specific gravity?

A

High specific gravity

97
Q

(6) solutes NOT normally found in urine?

A

▪ Glucose
▪ Blood proteins
▪ Red blood cells
▪ Hemoglobin
▪ Pus (WBCs)
▪ Bile

98
Q

Solutes normally found
in urine (7)?

A

▪ Sodium ions
▪ Potassium ions
▪ Urea
▪ Uric acid
▪ Creatinine
▪ Ammonia
▪ Bicarbonate ions

99
Q

When pus is present in urine (pyuria), what is the possible cause?

A

UTI

100
Q

Another word for voiding?

A

Micturition

101
Q

Micturition reflex causes the involuntary __________________ to open when stretch receptors in the bladder are stimulated

A

internal sphincter

102
Q

The external sphincter is __________ controlled, so micturition can usually be delayed

A

voluntarily

103
Q

The internal sphincter is made of what type of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth muscle (involuntary)

104
Q

______________ is the inability to empty the bladder

A

Urinary retention

105
Q

_____________________ is a condition that causes urinary retention

A

Enlarged prostate

106
Q

____________ is a muscle which forms a layer of the wall of the bladder

A

Detrusor muscle

107
Q

The kidneys begin to develop in the first ______________ of embryonic life and are excreting urine by the ______ month of fetal life

A
  1. few weeks
  2. third
108
Q

Control of the voluntary urethral sphincter does not start until age ________________?

A

18 months

109
Q

Complete nighttime control may not occur until the child is _________ old

A

4 years

110
Q

__________________ a bacterium, accounts for 80 percent of UTIs

A

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

111
Q

With age, filtration rate ______________?

A

Decreases

112
Q

With age, tubule cells become less efficient at concentrating urine, leading
to (3)?

A
  • Increased urgency
  • Increased frequency
  • Incontinence
113
Q
A

Anatomy 2 (12 decks)

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