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Anatomy 2 > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

Digestive System

1
Q

What is the opposite of dehydration synthesis?

A

hydrolysis

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2
Q

Does all chemical digestion consist of hydrolysis or dehydration reactions?

A

hydrolysis

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3
Q

Carbohydrates include (3)?

A
  • sugars
  • starch
  • glycogen
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4
Q

Lipids include (3)

A
  • triglycerides (fats and oils)
  • phospholipids
  • steroids (such as cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone)
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5
Q

_____________ are proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies

A

Enzymes

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6
Q

The (4) Digestive System Functions

A
  • ingestion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • defecation
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7
Q

Where does the chemical breakdown
of protein begins?

A

Stomach

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8
Q

What does the stomach deliver to the
small intestine?

A

Chyme

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9
Q

What is the name of the internal folds of
the mucosa present when the stomach is
empty?

A

Rugae

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10
Q

What are the (7) structures of the stomach mucosa?

A

▪ Simple columnar epithelium dotted by
gastric pits that lead to gastric glands
▪ Mucous cells
▪ Mucous neck cells
▪ Chief cells
▪ Parietal cells
▪ Enteroendocrine cells
▪ Gastric glands

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11
Q

What are (4) important macro molecules?

A
  • proteins
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
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12
Q

What do mucous cells produce?

A

bicarbonate-rich alkaline mucus

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13
Q

The digestive tract consists of what (6) parts?

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine.
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14
Q

What are the accessory (6) organs of the digestive system?

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
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15
Q

What are the (3) functions of rugae?

A
  • increase surface area for digestion
  • can expand the stomach to accommodate a large meal
  • tightly compressing the food for churning
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16
Q

What glands are both endocrine and exocrine?

A

gastric glands

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17
Q

What is the simple columnar epithelium of the mucous of the stomach dotted by?

A

gastric pits

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18
Q

Columnar epithelial cells are AKA?

A

mucous cells

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19
Q

What are the (4) sections of the stomach in order?

A
  • cardia
  • fundus
  • body
  • pylorus
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20
Q

What are the (3) layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A
  • longitudinal layer
  • circular layer
  • oblique layer
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21
Q

What part of the digestive tract has 3 layers of muscle?

A

the stomach

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22
Q

What secrets mucous that is thin, watery, and slightly acidic?

A

The mucous neck cells

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23
Q

What secretes mucus that is thick and basic in acidity?

A

The surface epithelium

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24
Q

What do chief cells produce?

A

protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)

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25
Q

Parietal cells produce (2)?

A

hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

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26
Q

What activates pepsinogen into pepsin?

A

hydrochloric acid

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27
Q

Enteroendocrine cells produce?

A

the hormone gastrin

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28
Q

What is needed for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine?

A

Intrinsic factor

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29
Q

what are the (3) subdivision of the small intestine in order?

A

▪ Duodenum
▪ Jejunum
▪ Ileum

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30
Q

In our gastric juice, there is (5) things present?

A
  • hydrochloric acid
  • pepsin/pepsinogen
  • water
  • mucous
  • intrinsic factor
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31
Q

What type of digestion is mostly happening in the small intestine?

A

Chemical digestion

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32
Q

The duodenum receives what (3) things?

A
  • chyme
  • pancreatic juice
  • bile
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33
Q

Most digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in which part of the small intestine?

A

jejunum

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34
Q

What (2) things produce enzymes for the small intestine?

A
  • pancreas
  • intestinal cells
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35
Q

What are the (4) structural modifications of the small intestine that increase surface area for food absorption?

A
  • microvilli
  • villi
  • circular folds (plicae circulares)
  • increased length
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36
Q

Where is the site where most absorption happens in the small intestine that has fingerlike projections?

A

villi

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37
Q

What are the tiny projections of the plasma membrane (that create a brush border appearance) from the small intestine called?

A

microvilli

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38
Q

What are the deep folds of mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine called?

A

Circular folds (plicae circulares)

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39
Q

Between the bases of the villi in the small intestine, there are numerous pores that open into tubular glands called?

A

intestinal crypts

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40
Q

In the small intestine, most absorbed nutrients pass into the blood capillaries, but most lipids are picked up by?

A

the lacteals

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41
Q

What are the (6) parts in order of the large intestine?

A
  • cecum
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum
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42
Q

What type of cells produce alkaline mucus to lubricate the passage of feces in the large intestine?

A

goblet cells

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43
Q

What is it called when the muscularis externa layer is reduced to three bands of muscle in the large intestine?

A

taeniae coli

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44
Q

The teniae coli in the large intestine cause the wall to pucker into pocketlike sacs called?

A

haustra

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45
Q

The liver produces?

A

bile

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46
Q

The gallbladder stores?

A

bile

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47
Q

What are the (3) ducts of the liver?

A
  • the common bile duct
  • the cystic duct
  • the pancreatic duct?
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48
Q

the bile duct is the same as?

A

the common bile duct

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49
Q

the bile duct joins the duct of the
pancreas and forms an expanded chamber called?

A

the hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter

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50
Q

During digestion, the contraction which duct reopens and then goes back to the common bile duct?

A

cystic duct

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51
Q

What is the movement of foods from one region of the digestive system to another referred to as?

A

Propulsion

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52
Q

What are (2) muscular movements of propulsion?

A
  • Peristalsis
  • Segmentation
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53
Q

alternating waves of contraction and
relaxation that squeezes food along the GI tract is what type of propulsion?

A

Peristalsis

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54
Q

What is the movement of materials back and forth to foster mixing in the small intestine called?

A

Segmentation

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55
Q

Is segmentation and peristalsis mechanical or chemical digestion?

A

Mechanical

56
Q

What type of digestion is just rearranging molecules so they are more spread out?

A

Mechanical

57
Q

Before food enters the blood, where does it have to enter first?

A

mucosal cells

58
Q

What are carbohydrates are broken down into?

A

monosaccharides

59
Q

What are proteins are broken down into?

A

amino acids

60
Q

What are fats broken down to (2)?

A
  • fatty acids
  • glycerol
61
Q

What are (3) disaccharides?

A
  • Lactose
  • Maltose
  • Sucrose
62
Q

What breaks down disaccharides?

A

Brush border enzymes

63
Q

Lactose after using lactase turns into (2)?

A
  • galactose
  • glucose
64
Q

Maltose after using maltase turns into?

A
  • Glucose
65
Q

Sucrose after using sucrase turns into (2)?

A
  • Glucose
  • Fructose
66
Q

What enzyme initiates carbohydrate digestion?

A

Amylase

67
Q

What breaks up large polypeptides from protein?

A

Trypsin

68
Q

What separates the proteins chains?

A

Pepsin

69
Q

Bile does what kind of digestion?

A

Mechanical digestion

70
Q

unemulsified fat is separated by?

A

Bile salts

71
Q

Waves of peristalsis occur from ________ to __________ forcing food past the pyloric sphincter

A
  1. fundus
  2. pylorus
72
Q

The pylorus meters out what substance into the small intestine?

A

chyme (3 mL at a time)

73
Q

What is it called when peristaltic waves close the pyloric sphincter, forcing content back into the stomach

A

Retropulsion

74
Q

The stomach empties in how many hours?

A

4-6 hrs

75
Q

What (2) factors causes the release of the
hormone gastrin?

A
  • presence of food
  • rising pH
76
Q

What does gastrin cause the stomach glands to produce (3)?

A
  • Protein-digesting enzymes
  • Mucus
  • Hydrochloric acid
77
Q

What plays the major role in the digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates as well as neutralizes acidic chyme?

A

Pancreatic enzymes

78
Q

Which enzyme neutralizes acidic chyme?

A

pancreatic enzymes

79
Q

Pancreatic juice has a rich supply of?

A

bicarbonate

80
Q

(4) pancreatic enzymes?

A
  • Pancreatic amylase
  • trypsin
  • Carboxypeptidase
  • lipase
81
Q

Release of pancreatic juice is stimulated by what (2) things?

A

▪ Vagus nerve
▪ Hormones

82
Q

What (2) hormones stimulate the release of pancreatic juice?

A
  • secretin
  • cholecystokinin (CCK)
83
Q

How are lipids absorbed?

A

diffusion

84
Q

What hormone causes hepato-pancreatic sphincter to relax?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

85
Q

What hormone causes the liver to secrete more bile?

A

Secretin

86
Q

What hormone causes weak contractions of the gallbladder?

A

vagus nerve

87
Q

Which of the following forms of stimulation would cause the gallbladder to secrete bile (2)?

A
  • Vagus nerve
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK)
88
Q

At the end of digestion, most substances are absorbed by what kind of transport
through cell membranes?

A

Active transport

89
Q

Where is the destination of the building blocks?

A

Liver

90
Q

How do the building blocks get transported to the liver?

A
  • hepatic portal vein
  • lymph
91
Q

What is absorbed in the large intestine?

A

vitamins K and B

92
Q

Is vitamin K and B broken down by stomach or from good bacteria?

A

Good bacteria - They digest fiber that the body can’t

93
Q

Haustral contractions are most seen where?

A

The large intestine

94
Q

is the peristalsis in the large intestine sluggish or fast?

A

Sluggish

95
Q

Mass movements from large intestines are slow, powerful movements
that occur how many times per day?

A

3 to 4 times per day

96
Q

Defecation occurs with relaxation of which sphincter?

A

voluntary (external) anal sphincter

97
Q

Foods are oxidized and transformed into what?

A

Adenosine triphosphate ATP

98
Q

Are calories the same as kilocalories?

A

Yes

99
Q

What are (3) functions of nutrients?

A
  • growth
  • maintenance
  • repair
100
Q

What are (4) major nutrients?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • water
101
Q

What are (2) minor nutrients?

A
  • vitamins
  • minerals
102
Q

Are nucleic acids major nutrients?

A

No

103
Q

(2) categories of metabolism?

A
  • catabolism
  • anabolism
104
Q

What category of substances are broken down to simpler substances where energy is released?

A

catabolism

105
Q

What is our body’s first choice for making energy (ATP)?

A

Glucose

106
Q

excessively high levels of glucose
in the blood is referred to as?

A

hyperglycemia

107
Q

low levels of glucose in the blood is referred to as?

A

hypoglycemia

108
Q

Carbohydrate Metabolism in order (3)?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. krebs cycle
  3. electron transport chain
109
Q

What part of the carbohydrate metabolism harvests the most ATP?

A

Electron transport chain

110
Q

What part of carbohydrate metabolism occurs in the cytosol?

A

glycolysis

111
Q

What part of carbohydrate metabolism
splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules?

A

glycolysis

112
Q

Fats are important for (4)?

A
  • insulating the body
  • protecting organs
  • building some cell structures (membranes & myelin sheaths)
  • Excess dietary fat is stored in subcutaneous tissue (in adipose tissue)
113
Q

Excessive fat breakdown causes blood to becom?

A

acidic

114
Q

What is a product of amino acid breakdown?

A

Ammonia

115
Q

when ammonia and carbon dioxide mix together, they produce?

A

Urea

116
Q

What organ degrades hormones?

A

Liver

117
Q

What does the liver produce?

A
  • cholesterol
  • blood proteins (albumin and clotting proteins)
  • bile (gallbladder stores bile)
118
Q

What acids are produced by the body when it breaks down fat for energy?

A

Ketones

119
Q

If we have high blood sugar, what happens?

A

Glycogenesis

120
Q

Stored glycogen converted to glucose is referred to as?

A

Glucogenolysis

121
Q

Amino acids and fats converted to glucose is referred to as?

A

Gluconeogenesis

122
Q

What (2) things are picked up by the liver?

A

Fats and fatty acids

123
Q

What are the (2) Functions of cholesterol?

A
  • structural basis of steroid hormones and vitamin D
  • Building block of plasma membranes
124
Q

Where is most cholesterol produced?

A

Liver (85%)

125
Q

Can cholesterol and fatty acids freely circulate in the blood?

A

No

126
Q

Do LDLs or HDLs transport cholesterol to body cells?

A

LDLs

127
Q

Do LDLs or HDLs transport cholesterol from body cells to the liver?

A

HDLs

128
Q

The alimentary canal is a continuous, hollow tube present by which week of development?

A

5th week

129
Q

Teething begins around what age?

A

6 months

130
Q

Occurs when small, bulging sacs or pouches form on the inner wall of the intestine is referred to as?

A

diverticulosis

131
Q

What are the 3 ducts of the liver in order?

A

1st. Right and left hepatic ducts
2nd common hepatic duct
3rd cystic duct

132
Q

When chyme entering the duodenum, what (2) hormones are secreted?

A
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK)
  • Secretin
133
Q

What (2) hormones travel to the pancreas, and causes the secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice?

A
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK)
  • Secretin
134
Q

What hormone causes the gallbladder to secrete stored bile?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

135
Q

What causes the release of pancreatic juice in gallbladder and pancreas?

A

Vagus nerve

136
Q

In Krebs Cycle, what waste product is being produced?

A

CO2

Anatomy 2 (13 decks)

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