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Anatomy 2 > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

Immune system

1
Q

_____ line of defense: skin and mucous membranes

A

First

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1
Q

______________ are agents capable of producing disease

A

Pathogens

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2
Q

_________ line of defense: several innate defense mechanisms

A

Second

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3
Q

__________ line of defense: adaptive immunity

A

Third

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4
Q

The _________________ is a complex network of organs, cells and proteins that defends the body against infection, whilst protecting the body’s own cells

A

Immune system

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5
Q

________________ are white blood cells that destroy infected and diseased cells, like cancer cells

A

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

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6
Q

_______________________ are small proteins present in different lifeforms in nature that provide defense against microbial infections

A

Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)

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7
Q

______________ guards equally against a broad range of pathogens (non-specific)

A

Innate immunity

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8
Q

__________________ is when the body develops separate immunity to each pathogen, has a memory of it, and is systemic

A

Adaptive immunity

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9
Q

Is first and second line of defense part of innate immunity or adaptive immunity?

A

Innate

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10
Q

Is third line of defense part of innate immunity or adaptive immunity?

A

Adaptive

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11
Q

First line of defense includes (3):

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Secretions of skin and mucous membranes
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12
Q

Second line of defense includes (5):

A
  • Phagocytic cells
  • Natural killer cells (NK cells)
  • Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)
  • The inflammatory
    response
  • Fever
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13
Q

Name (3) Lymphocytes?

A
  • B-cells
  • T-cells
  • Natural killer cells (NK cells)
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14
Q

Do antibodies come from b-cells or t-cells?

A

B-cells

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15
Q

Third line of defense includes (3):

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Antibodies
  • Macrophages and other
    antigen-presenting cells
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16
Q

Specific examples of the first line of defense? (4)

A
  • Acidic pH of skin
  • Stomach mucosa secretions
  • Saliva and lacrimal fluid (tears)
  • Mucus in digestive & respiratory pathways
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17
Q

What is lacrimal fluid?

A

Tears

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18
Q

Natural killer cells are a leukocyte but not a phagocyte, True or False?

A

True

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19
Q

If physical barriers breached, ____________ & ______________ present in connective tissue

A

Cells & chemicals

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20
Q

What is an aggressive lymphocyte?

A

Natural killer cell (NK cell)

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21
Q

NK cells release chemicals called _____________to target the foreign cell’s membrane and form pores, leading to cell death

A

Perforins

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22
Q

________________ is a type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell lead to its death

A

Apoptosis

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23
Q

______________ from NK cell enter perforin hole and degrade enemy cell enzymes

A

Granzymes

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24
Q

_____________________ & _____________________chemicals produce a “killing zone” around cell

A

Hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite

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25
Q

Neutrophils are present in _______________ tissues

A

Connective

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26
Q

Neutrophils produce a cloud of bactericidal chemicals which forms ________________?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

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27
Q

(4) cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  • Pain
  • Heat
  • Redness
  • Swelling
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28
Q

_____________ responses are triggered when body tissues are injured

A

Inflammatory

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29
Q

Mast cells release ____________?

A

Histamine

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30
Q

______________ are cells, such as
neutrophils and macrophages, engulf
foreign material into a vesicle

A

Phagocytes

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31
Q

Vesicle is fused with a ____________, and
enzymes from such will digest the material

A

Lysosome

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32
Q

_______________ is a vesicle that holds a pathogen

A

Phagosome

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33
Q

_______________ is fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome

A

Phagolysosome

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34
Q

Most important types of antimicrobial proteins (2)?

A
  1. Complement proteins
  2. Interferon
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35
Q

Globulins are what kind of protein?

A

Complement protein

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36
Q

When complement proteins are
activated and attach to a foreign
cell membrane, which leads to lysis of the foreign cell, this is referred to as?

A

Complement fixation

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37
Q

Basophils and mast cells secrete

A

Histamine

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38
Q

Histamine creates _______________?

A

Vasodilation

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39
Q

Complement proteins bind antigen that is bound to antibody complexes to RBCs for
transport to ____________ and ______________

A
  1. spleen
  2. liver
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40
Q

MAC?

A

Membrane attack complex

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41
Q

What happens during membrane attack
complex (MAC)?

A

The cell explodes

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42
Q

Complement C3 dissociates into ___ and _____?

A

C3a and C3b

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43
Q

Lectin binds to _______________ on pathogen surface?

A

Carbohydrates (sugars)

44
Q

_______________________ dissociates on a low level by itself

A

Alternative pathway

45
Q

(3) Pathways of complement activation to trigger C3 dissociation:

A
  • Classic pathway
  • Alternative pathway
  • Lectin pathway
46
Q

C3a role is?

A

Inflammation

47
Q

C3b role is (3):

A
  • Immune clearance
  • Phagocytosis
  • Cytolysis (explosion)
48
Q

_____________ proteins circulate in blood in inactive form, become active through various means

A

Complement

49
Q

_________________ proteins secreted by virus-infected cells that serve as a “warning

A

Interferon

50
Q

Interferons cause cells to produce many _______________________ to help prevent becoming infected

A

Antiviral proteins

51
Q

Hypothalamus thermostat can be reset higher by __________?

A

Pyrogens

52
Q

______________ and ______________ reduce the ability of bacteria to multiply

A

Iron and zinc

53
Q

(3) aspects of adaptive defense?

A
  1. Antigen specific
  2. Systemic
  3. Memory
54
Q

(2) sections of adaptative immunity?

A
  • Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immunity
  • Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immunity
55
Q

Humoral antibodies always activate on pathogens that are extracellular or intracellular?

A

Extracellular

56
Q

___________________ employs antibodies dissolved in body fluids

A

Humoral

57
Q

________________ Acts on pathogens in human cells (where antibodies can’t get to them)

A

Cellular immunity

58
Q

NK are _______ immunity and T-cells are _________ immunity

A
  1. Innate
  2. Active
59
Q

(4) types of acquired immunity?

A
  • Active
  • Passive
  • Natural
  • Artificial
60
Q

___________ is when the body makes it’s own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen

A

Active

61
Q

___________ body acquires them from a person or animal immune to pathogen

A

Passive

62
Q

____________ body naturally exposed to pathogen

A

Natural

63
Q

____________ exposure is introduced by treatment or intervention

A

Artificial

64
Q

____________ are dead or attenuated (weakened) pathogens; can trigger
immune response but causes little or no discomfort or disease

A

Vaccines

65
Q

_______________ immunity is protection provided by “borrowed antibodies

A

Passive immunity

66
Q

AG is?

A

Antigens

67
Q

Antigens cannot be on the membrane of living pathogens or a molecule, true or false?

A

False

68
Q

(2) Crucial cells of the adaptive system?

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
69
Q

APCs means?

A

Antigen-presenting cells

70
Q

Lymphocytes respond to specific antigens (2):

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
71
Q

______________________ help the
lymphocytes, but do not respond to specific antigen

A

Antigen-presenting cells

72
Q

T cells develop in the ________ and B cells develop in the ________________?

A
  1. Thymus
  2. Bone marrow
73
Q

Do T cells or B cells provide cell-
mediated immunity?

A

T cells

74
Q

Do T cells or B cells provide humoral
immunity

A

B cells

75
Q

_____________________ is having the ability to produce a normal immune response for the T and B cells.

A

Immunocompetence

76
Q

Immunocompetence for T cells is developed in the __________ and B cells in the _________?

A
  1. Thymus
  2. Red bone marrow
77
Q

_______________ is signaled by the appearance of antigen-specific receptors on surfaces of lymphocytes

A

Immunocompetence

78
Q

Lymphocyte will be able to react to __ distinct antigen

A

One

79
Q

(3) Major APCs:

A
  • Dendritic cells
  • Macrophages
  • B lymphocytes
80
Q

A ________________ is a B cell that has had it’s receptor bind to a particular antigen

A

Plasma cell

81
Q

Plasma cell role is to secrete as many _______________ antibodies

A

Free flowing

82
Q

There are __ subunits in one antibody?

A

4

83
Q

(5) major immunoglobulin
classes:

A
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgA
  • IgE
  • IgD

Get Me Another Excellent Donut)

84
Q

_____ is the first antibody secreted by a plasma cell by primary response.

A

IgM

85
Q

____ Is found in the mucus

A

IgA

86
Q

___ “fixes” complement

A

IgM

87
Q

____ is involved in allergies and anaphylactic reactions

A

IgE

88
Q

___ is a receptor on B cell

A

IgD

89
Q

(4) Antibody functions

A
  • Complement fixation
  • Agglutination
  • Precipitation
  • Neutralization
90
Q

The antibody function ________________ is when antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or on viruses that can cause cell injury

A

Neutralization

91
Q

The antibody function _____________ is a cross-linking reaction

A

Preciptitation

92
Q

The antibody function _____________ results in cell lysis

A

Complement fixation

93
Q

The antibody function ______________ is antibody-antigen reaction that causes clumping of cells

A

Agglutination

94
Q

___ can cross the placental barrier and “fixes” complement

A

IgG

95
Q

B cells can become _______ cells or ________ cells

A
  1. Memory
  2. Plasma
96
Q

B lymphocytes with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen.

The binding event activates the lymphocyte to undergo ______________________?

A

Clonal selection

97
Q

__________ T cells are the director of the adaptive immune system

A

Helper

98
Q

Most B cells become ___________ cells and some B cells become ___________

A
  1. Plasma cells
  2. Memory cells
99
Q

______________________ is essential for activation and clonal selection of T-cells

A

Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

100
Q

Activated T-cells undergo clonal
selection and differentiate into (2) types:

A
  • Effector T cells (Cytotoxic T cells and
    Helper T cells)
  • Memory T cells
101
Q

________________ is by T-cell binding
simultaneously to a nonself antigen and a self-protein

A

Double recognition

102
Q

Can you have an immune system response without helper T cells?

A

No

103
Q

Cytotoxic (Killer) T cells and natural killer cells have the same process in killing infected cells, true or false?

A

True

104
Q

_______________________ Release chemicals to suppress the activity of T and B cells.

Stop the immune response to prevent
uncontrolled activity

A

Regulatory T cells

105
Q

(4) Major types of grafts:

A
  • Autografts
  • Isografts
  • Allografts
  • Xenografts
106
Q

______________ disease occurs when the body’s self- tolerance is not working properly

A

Autoimmune

107
Q

____________ are really tiny antigens that cannot activate an immune response unless allergic

A

Haptens

108
Q

Anaphylactic reaction makes blood pressure _____?

A

Drop/decrease

Anatomy 2 (12 decks)

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