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Anatomy 2 > Week 13 > Flashcards

Week 13 Flashcards

Principles of Genetics and Reproductive Physiology

1
Q

Genetics is the study of? (3)

A

Genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms

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2
Q

A DNA segment on a chromosome that determines a specific trait is called a?

A

Gene

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3
Q

A gene is a basic unit of?

A

Heredity

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4
Q

What carry the instructions for producing proteins that influence traits like eye color, height, and blood type?

A

Genes

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5
Q

Each gene has its own specific location on a?

A

Chromosome

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6
Q

How many genes make up a chromosome?

A

Thousands

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7
Q

Human cells have how many chromosomes contained in
every cell in our bodies?

A

46 (23 pairs)

Every cell except gametes

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8
Q

What are are located on either side of
centromere?

A

“Chromosome arms” (long and a short arm)

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9
Q

What is the spot where the chromosome arms are connected called?

A

Centromeres

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10
Q

What helps to keep chromosomes properly aligned during the complex
process of cell division?

A

Centromeres

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11
Q

What protects the ends of the chromosomes?

A

Telomeres

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12
Q

What are the (2) main categories of
chromosomes?

A
  • Autosomes
  • Sex Chromosomes
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13
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are autosomes?

A

22 pairs

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14
Q

If 22 pairs of chromosome are autosomes, then what is the last pair of chromosomes?

A

Sex chromosomes

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15
Q

What are the (2) sex chromosomes?

A

X and Y

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16
Q

What are the chromosomes in females?

A

XX

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17
Q

What are the chromosomes in males?

A

XY

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18
Q

What is the asexual reproduction that leads to the division of the cell nucleus?

A

Mitosis

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19
Q

Mitosis results in how many daughter cells?

A

2 identical daughter cells

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20
Q

The reduction division that leads to two
successive divisions of the nucleus to form gametes is known as?

A

Meiosis

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21
Q

Meiosis results in how many daughter cells?

A

Results in 4 daughter cells, with half the
number of chromosomes (23)

22
Q

In meiosis, are the daughter cells identical or different

A

Different

23
Q

What is a person’s genetic information inherited from the parents called?

A

Genotype (the genetic code in their cells)

24
Q

What is a person’s recognizable traits associated with the genotype?

A

Phenotype (the physical expression /
observed properties)

25
Q

If two people’s genotypes are different, will their phenotypes be different also?

A

Not necessarily, expression of the trait
will depend on whether the version
coded for is dominant or recessive

26
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different versions of a gene

27
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

Expressed even if only one copy
of the allele is present

28
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

Two copies of the recessive allele
need to be present in order for
trait to be expressed.

29
Q

If both your copies of a gene are the same, you are?

A

Homozygous

30
Q

If both your copies of a gene are different, you are?

A

Heterozygous

31
Q

If you are heterozygous for a recessive trait and do not show it, you are a?

A

Carrier

32
Q

What is the result from changes to genes of chromosomes?

A

Genetic mutation

33
Q

Most hereditary disorders are
caused by what kind of defects?

A

Autosomal defects

34
Q

Disease phenotype arises when
both alleles are?

A

Recessive

35
Q

What are the primary sex organs?

A

Gonads (the glands that produce
reproductive cells)

36
Q

What are gonads in males?

A

Testes

37
Q

What are the gonads in females?

A

Ovaries

38
Q

Gonads produce and secrete? (2)

A

Gametes and hormones

39
Q

What are male gametes?

A

Sperm

40
Q

What are female gametes?

A

Ova - Eggs

41
Q

What is the term for the process of making sperm cells?

A

Spermatogenesis

42
Q

What type of cells undergo rapid mitosis to produce more stem cells before puberty?

A

Spermatogonia (stem cells)

43
Q

During puberty, what hormone is secreted in increasing amounts?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

44
Q

What kind of hormone is FSH?

A

Tropic hormone (a hormone that stimulates other glands to release their own hormone)

45
Q

FSH is a tropic hormone that in males targets what gonad to stimulates
sperm production?

A

The testes

46
Q

Sperm are formed were in the testes?

A

Seminiferous tubules

47
Q

Meiosis + Spermiogenesis =

A

Spermatogenesis

48
Q

Spermatids come from?

A

Daughter cell B in meiosis

49
Q

Spermiogenesis formula is?

A

Spermatids → Sperm

50
Q

Primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to form?

A

To form 2 secondary spermatocytes

51
Q

Both secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II and form?

A

To form a total of 4 spermatids (n)

52
Q
A

Anatomy 2 (13 decks)

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