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Anatomy 2 > Week 13 > Flashcards

Week 13 Flashcards

Principles of Genetics and Reproductive Physiology

1
Q

Genetics is the study of? (3)

A

Genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms

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2
Q

A DNA segment on a chromosome that determines a specific trait is called a?

A

Gene

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3
Q

A gene is a basic unit of?

A

Heredity

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4
Q

What carry the instructions for producing proteins that influence traits like eye color, height, and blood type?

A

Genes

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5
Q

Each gene has its own specific location on a?

A

Chromosome

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6
Q

How many genes make up a chromosome?

A

Thousands

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7
Q

Human cells have how many chromosomes contained in
every cell in our bodies?

A

46 (23 pairs)

Every cell except gametes

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8
Q

What are located on either side of
centromere?

A

“Chromosome arms” (long and a short arm)

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9
Q

What is the spot where the chromosome arms are connected called?

A

Centromeres

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10
Q

What helps to keep chromosomes properly aligned during the complex
process of cell division?

A

Centromeres

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11
Q

What protects the ends of the chromosomes?

A

Telomeres

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12
Q

What are the (2) main categories of
chromosomes?

A
  • Autosomes
  • Sex Chromosomes
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13
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are autosomes?

A

22 pairs

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14
Q

If 22 pairs of chromosome are autosomes, then what is the last pair of chromosomes?

A

Sex chromosomes

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15
Q

What are the (2) sex chromosomes?

A

X and Y

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16
Q

What are the chromosomes in females?

A

XX

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17
Q

What are the chromosomes in males?

A

XY

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18
Q

What is the asexual reproduction that leads to the division of the cell nucleus?

A

Mitosis

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19
Q

Mitosis results in how many daughter cells?

A

2 identical daughter cells

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20
Q

The reduction division that leads to two
successive divisions of the nucleus to form gametes is known as?

A

Meiosis

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21
Q

Meiosis results in how many daughter cells?

A

Results in 4 daughter cells, with half the
number of chromosomes (23)

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22
Q

In meiosis, are the daughter cells identical or different

A

Different

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23
Q

What is a person’s genetic information inherited from the parents called?

A

Genotype (the genetic code in their cells)

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24
Q

What is a person’s recognizable traits associated with the genotype?

A

Phenotype (the physical expression /
observed properties)

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25
Q

If two people’s genotypes are different, will their phenotypes be different also?

A

Not necessarily, expression of the trait
will depend on whether the version
coded for is dominant or recessive

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26
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different versions of a gene

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27
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

Expressed even if only one copy
of the allele is present

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28
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

Two copies of the recessive allele
need to be present in order for
trait to be expressed.

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29
Q

If both your copies of a gene are the same, you are?

A

Homozygous

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30
Q

If both your copies of a gene are different, you are?

A

Heterozygous

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31
Q

If you are heterozygous for a recessive trait and do not show it, you are a?

A

Carrier

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32
Q

What is the result from changes to genes of chromosomes?

A

Genetic mutation

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33
Q

Most hereditary disorders are
caused by what kind of defects?

A

Autosomal defects

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34
Q

Disease phenotype arises when
both alleles are?

A

Recessive

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35
Q

What are the primary sex organs?

A

Gonads (the glands that produce
reproductive cells)

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36
Q

What are gonads in males?

A

Testes

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37
Q

What are the gonads in females?

A

Ovaries

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38
Q

Gonads produce and secrete? (2)

A

Gametes and hormones

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39
Q

What are male gametes?

A

Sperm

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40
Q

What are female gametes?

A

Ova - Eggs

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41
Q

What is the term for the process of making sperm cells?

A

Spermatogenesis

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42
Q

What type of cells undergo rapid mitosis to produce more stem cells before puberty?

A

Spermatogonia (stem cells)

43
Q

During puberty, what hormone is secreted in increasing amounts?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

44
Q

What kind of hormone is FSH?

A

Tropic hormone (a hormone that stimulates other glands to release their own hormone)

45
Q

FSH is a tropic hormone that in males targets what gonad to stimulates
sperm production?

A

The testes

46
Q

Sperm are formed were in the testes?

A

Seminiferous tubules

47
Q

Meiosis + Spermiogenesis =

A

Spermatogenesis

48
Q

Spermatids come from?

A

Daughter cell B in meiosis

49
Q

Spermiogenesis formula is?

A

Spermatids → Sperm

50
Q

Primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to form?

A

2 secondary spermatocytes

51
Q

Both secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II and form?

A

To form a total of 4 spermatids (n)

52
Q

Streamlining process that strips excess cytoplasm from a spermatid and modifies it into a sperm is referred to as?

A

Spermiogenesis

53
Q

Mature sperm is compacted into what (3) regions?

A
  • Head
  • Midpiece
  • Tail
54
Q

The entire process of spermatogenesis, including spermiogenesis takes how many days?

A

Takes 64 to 72 days

55
Q

What is the role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

A

Stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

56
Q

What is the role of FSH?

A

Stimulates spermatogenic cells to produce sperm

57
Q

What is the role of LH?

A

Stimulates interstitial cells in seminiferous tubules to release testosterone

58
Q

What is the final trigger for
spermatogenesis?

A

Testosterone

59
Q

What stimulates growth spurt,
primary sex characteristics
and secondary characteristics in males?

A

Testosterone

60
Q

Where is GnRH released?

A

Hypothalamus

61
Q

FSH and LH are released by?

A

Anterior pituitary

62
Q

Testosterone is released by?

A

Testes

63
Q

When testosterone levels increase, they send a signal to the brain’s hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland to do what?

A

To slow down the production of hormones that stimulate testosterone. This is the body’s way of keeping testosterone levels balanced.

64
Q

In females, what contains an immature oocyte?

A

Primary follicle

65
Q

In females, a growing follicle with a maturing oocyte is a?

A

Vesicular (Graafian) follicle

66
Q

When ____________ occurs, the follicle
ruptures when the egg is mature and ready to be ejected from the ovary

A

Ovulation

67
Q

Ovulation occurs every how many days?

A

28 days

68
Q

During ovulation, the ruptured follicle is transformed into what?

A

A corpus luteum

69
Q

What is the process of producing ova (eggs) in a female called?

A

Oogenesis

70
Q

What are female stem cells found in a developing fetus?

A

oogonia

71
Q

Oogonia undergo mitosis to produce?

A

Primary oocytes

72
Q

Primary oocytes are surrounded by a single layer of cells that form what in the ovary?

A

Primary follicles

73
Q

What kind of stem cells will no longer exist at birth (females)?

A

Oogonia

74
Q

At birth, what is there a lifetime supply of that is already in place in ovarian follicles?

A

Primary oocytes

75
Q

Are primary oocytes inactive until puberty?

A

Yes

76
Q

At puberty, what gets released that causes some primary follicles to mature each month in preparation for ovulation?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

77
Q

Cyclic monthly changes in the ovary constitute what cycle?

A

The ovarian cycle

78
Q

There is a spike in FSH and LH around what day of the ovarian cycle to cause
ovulation?

A

Day 14

79
Q

Meiosis II is completed after ovulation only if what happens?

A

Sperm penetrates the oocyte

80
Q

In meiosis II, what is produced? (2)

A
  • Ovum
  • 2 additional polar bodies
81
Q

In meiosis, males produce how many functional sperms?

A

4

82
Q

In meiosis, females produce how many ovum and polar bodies?

A

Produces 1 functional ovum and 3
tiny polar bodies

83
Q

What is is large, non-motile, and has nutrient reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation?

A

The egg

84
Q

What are tiny, motile, and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid?

A

Sperm

85
Q

What (2) things regulate the production of estrogens and progesterone by the
ovaries?

A

FSH and LH - from the anterior pituitary

86
Q

How many days is the menstrual phase?

A

1-5 days

87
Q

In what phase of the uterine cycle is the endometrium sloughed off and hormones are at their lowest levels?

A

Menstrual phase

88
Q

By day 5 of the menstrual phase, the
growing follicles will produce more?

A

Estrogen

89
Q

How many days is the proliferative phase?

A

Days 6-14

90
Q

In what phase of the uterine cycle has the estrogen levels rise and the regeneration of endometrium?

A

Proliferative phase

91
Q

At what phase of the uterine cycle does ovulation end?

A

Proliferative phase

92
Q

How many days is the secretory phase?

A

15-28 days

93
Q

In what phase of the uterine cycle is there a rise in progesterone and endometrium is more vascular and ready for implantation?

A

Secretory phase

94
Q

What are the (3) phases of the uterine cycle?

A
  • Menstrual
  • Proliferative
  • Secretory
95
Q

When does the secretory phase begin?

A

Immediately after ovulation

96
Q

Does FSH or LH cause ovulation?

A

LH

97
Q

What hormone stimulates a small number of primary follicles to grow and mature each month?

A

FSH

98
Q

Estrogen is produced by?

A

Primary follicle cells

99
Q

What hormone is responsible for the regeneration of endometrium during
proliferative phase?

A

Estrogen

100
Q

What hormone causes female secondary sex characteristics?

A

Estrogen

101
Q

Progesterone is produced by?

A

Corpus luteum

102
Q

What hormone maintains the endometrium during the secretory phase?

A

Progesterone

103
Q

What are the (4) female secondary sex characteristics?

A
  • Breasts
  • Axillary and pubic hair
  • Widening of the pelvis
  • Onset of menses
    (menstrual cycle)

Anatomy 2 (13 decks)

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