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Anatomy 2 > Week 6 revised > Flashcards

Week 6 revised Flashcards

1
Q

The Endocrine System is made up of _________ that produce and secrete _______________?

A
  1. glands
  2. hormones
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2
Q

Is the endocrine system a fast-controlling or slow-controlling system?

A

Slow-controlling

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3
Q

Hormones control several
major processes such as (5):

A

▪ Reproduction
▪ Growth and development
▪ Mobilization of body defenses (immune system)
▪ Regulation of metabolism
▪ Maintenance of much of homeostasis

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4
Q

Where are hormones secreted?

A

In the blood

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5
Q

What is the second controlling system of the body?

A

The endocrine system

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6
Q

Is it endocrine or exocrine for the following:

Secrete hormones directly into
bloodstream

A

Endocrine

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7
Q

Is it endocrine or exocrine for the following:

Secrete products
into ducts that lead
ultimately to exterior of body

A

Exocrine

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8
Q

Can you give (3) examples of exocrine glands?

A
  • Salivary gland - saliva
  • Sweat glands - sweat
    -Pancreas – enzymes (to breakdown food)
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9
Q

Can you give (2) examples glands with both endocrine and exocrine functions?

A

pancreas, gonads

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10
Q

What are (2) classifications of hormones?

A

Amino Acid-based and steroids

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11
Q

Most hormones are amino acid based, true or false?

A

True

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12
Q

Name (3) from smallest to largest amino acid-based hormones?

A
  • Amines
  • Peptides
  • Proteins
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13
Q

Steroids are made from _________________?

A

Cholesterol

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14
Q

Name (5) examples of steroid-based hormones?

A
  • Cortisol
  • Aldosterone
  • Testosterone,
  • Estrogen,
  • Progesterone
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15
Q

Name (2) examples of acid-based hormones?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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16
Q

Hormones affect only
certain tissues or organs, AKA ______________?

A

Target cells/organs

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17
Q

Target cells must have
specific ___________________?

A

Protein receptors

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18
Q

Hormone binding alters
___________________ or “arouse” cells

A

Cellular activity

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19
Q

(5) actions of hormones include:

A
  1. Changes in plasma membrane permeability or
    electrical state
  2. Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes
  3. Activation or inactivation of enzymes
  4. Stimulation of mitosis
  5. Promotion of secretory activity
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20
Q

What are the (2) hormone mechanisms?

A
  • Direct gene activation
  • Second-messenger system
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21
Q

Are amino acid-based hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic

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22
Q

Are steroid-based hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

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23
Q

What hormone mechanism is used by steroid hormones?

A

Direct gene activation

24
Q

What hormone mechanism is used by amino acid-based hormones?

A

Second-messenger system

25
Q

After steroid hormones enter the nucleus, they bind to a specific
_____________________________?

A

Nuclear receptor protein

26
Q

With Non-Steroid Hormone Action, Hormone (first messenger) binds to a ___________________ on the plasma membrane of target cell

A

Membrane receptor

27
Q

Enzyme catalyzes a reaction that produces a ________________________?

A

Second-messenger molecule

28
Q

What is a second-messenger molecule?

A

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

29
Q

Hormone levels in the blood are maintained mostly by __________
feedback

A

Negative

30
Q

The stimuli that activate endocrine glands fall into three major
categories:

A
  • Hormonal
  • Humoral
  • Neural
31
Q

Which category of hormone release is the following:

Most common stimulus, where endocrine organs are activated by other hormones

A

Hormonal

32
Q

Which category of hormone release is the following:

Changing blood levels of certain ions and
nutrients stimulate hormone release

A

Humoral

33
Q

Which category of hormone release is the following:

Nerve impulses stimulate hormone release from target cells

A

Neural

34
Q

Example of hormonal release?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from anterior pituitary hormones travels to thyroid to stimulate release of thyroid hormone

35
Q

Example of humoral release?

A

Insulin is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose levels

36
Q

Example of neural release?

A

Release of norepinephrine and epinephrine by the adrenal
medulla

37
Q

What are the (9) major endocrine organs?

A

▪ Pituitary gland
▪ Thyroid gland
▪ Parathyroid glands
▪ Adrenal glands
▪ Pineal gland
▪ Thymus gland
▪ Pancreas
▪ Gonads (ovaries and
testes)
▪ Hypothalamus

38
Q

The ___________________ is located in the diencephalon, is an important link between the two control systems
(nervous system and endocrine system)

A

Hypothalamus

39
Q

The hypothalamus controls (4):

A

▪ Hunger
▪ Thirst
▪ Fluid balance
▪ Body temperature

40
Q

The anterior pituitary is an endocrine gland and is mainly under hormonal
control from the ______________.

A

Hypothalamus

41
Q

The posterior pituitary is an ____________ of the hypothalamus.

A

Extension

42
Q

The neurons from the hypothalamus stretch down into the posterior pituitary and release hormones from the ________ instead of __________________?

A
  1. axons
  2. neurotransmitters
43
Q

Hypothalamus produces hormones for use in (2) ways?

A
  • Hypothalamic portal circulation
  • Via neurosecretory cells
44
Q

Is hypothalamic portal circulation released from anterior or posterior pituitary?

A

Anterior

45
Q

Is hormone release via neurosecretory cells released from anterior or posterior pituitary?

A

Posterior

46
Q

What (2) hormones are released by posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic

47
Q

What are (3) types of growth hormones from the hypothalamic Hormones for the anterior Pituitary?

A
  • Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
  • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH)
48
Q

What increases the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

49
Q

What decreases the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

50
Q

What increases the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FDH) from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH)

51
Q

What is GH?

A

Growth hormone

52
Q

What hormone has major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones?

A

Growth hormone (GH)

53
Q

____________ results from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood

A

Acromegaly

54
Q

What hormone stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth?

A

Prolactin (PRL)

55
Q
A

Anatomy 2 (12 decks)

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