Week 6 revised Flashcards
The Endocrine System is made up of _________ that produce and secrete _______________?
- glands
- hormones
Is the endocrine system a fast-controlling or slow-controlling system?
Slow-controlling
Hormones control several
major processes such as (5):
▪ Reproduction
▪ Growth and development
▪ Mobilization of body defenses (immune system)
▪ Regulation of metabolism
▪ Maintenance of much of homeostasis
Where are hormones secreted?
In the blood
What is the second controlling system of the body?
The endocrine system
Is it endocrine or exocrine for the following:
Secrete hormones directly into
bloodstream
Endocrine
Is it endocrine or exocrine for the following:
Secrete products
into ducts that lead
ultimately to exterior of body
Exocrine
Can you give (3) examples of exocrine glands?
- Salivary gland - saliva
- Sweat glands - sweat
-Pancreas – enzymes (to breakdown food)
Can you give (2) examples glands with both endocrine and exocrine functions?
pancreas, gonads
What are (2) classifications of hormones?
Amino Acid-based and steroids
Most hormones are amino acid based, true or false?
True
Name (3) from smallest to largest amino acid-based hormones?
- Amines
- Peptides
- Proteins
Steroids are made from _________________?
Cholesterol
Name (5) examples of steroid-based hormones?
- Cortisol
- Aldosterone
- Testosterone,
- Estrogen,
- Progesterone
Name (2) examples of acid-based hormones?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Hormones affect only
certain tissues or organs, AKA ______________?
Target cells/organs
Target cells must have
specific ___________________?
Protein receptors
Hormone binding alters
___________________ or “arouse” cells
Cellular activity
(5) actions of hormones include:
- Changes in plasma membrane permeability or
electrical state - Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes
- Activation or inactivation of enzymes
- Stimulation of mitosis
- Promotion of secretory activity
What are the (2) hormone mechanisms?
- Direct gene activation
- Second-messenger system
Are amino acid-based hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophilic
Are steroid-based hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic
What hormone mechanism is used by steroid hormones?
Direct gene activation
What hormone mechanism is used by amino acid-based hormones?
Second-messenger system
After steroid hormones enter the nucleus, they bind to a specific
_____________________________?
Nuclear receptor protein
With Non-Steroid Hormone Action, Hormone (first messenger) binds to a ___________________ on the plasma membrane of target cell
Membrane receptor
Enzyme catalyzes a reaction that produces a ________________________?
Second-messenger molecule
What is a second-messenger molecule?
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Hormone levels in the blood are maintained mostly by __________
feedback
Negative
The stimuli that activate endocrine glands fall into three major
categories:
- Hormonal
- Humoral
- Neural
Which category of hormone release is the following:
Most common stimulus, where endocrine organs are activated by other hormones
Hormonal
Which category of hormone release is the following:
Changing blood levels of certain ions and
nutrients stimulate hormone release
Humoral
Which category of hormone release is the following:
Nerve impulses stimulate hormone release from target cells
Neural
Example of hormonal release?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from anterior pituitary hormones travels to thyroid to stimulate release of thyroid hormone
Example of humoral release?
Insulin is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose levels
Example of neural release?
Release of norepinephrine and epinephrine by the adrenal
medulla
What are the (9) major endocrine organs?
▪ Pituitary gland
▪ Thyroid gland
▪ Parathyroid glands
▪ Adrenal glands
▪ Pineal gland
▪ Thymus gland
▪ Pancreas
▪ Gonads (ovaries and
testes)
▪ Hypothalamus
The ___________________ is located in the diencephalon, is an important link between the two control systems
(nervous system and endocrine system)
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus controls (4):
▪ Hunger
▪ Thirst
▪ Fluid balance
▪ Body temperature
The anterior pituitary is an endocrine gland and is mainly under hormonal
control from the ______________.
Hypothalamus
The posterior pituitary is an ____________ of the hypothalamus.
Extension
The neurons from the hypothalamus stretch down into the posterior pituitary and release hormones from the ________ instead of __________________?
- axons
- neurotransmitters
Hypothalamus produces hormones for use in (2) ways?
- Hypothalamic portal circulation
- Via neurosecretory cells
Is hypothalamic portal circulation released from anterior or posterior pituitary?
Anterior
Is hormone release via neurosecretory cells released from anterior or posterior pituitary?
Posterior
What (2) hormones are released by posterior pituitary?
Oxytocin and antidiuretic
What are (3) types of growth hormones from the hypothalamic Hormones for the anterior Pituitary?
- Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
- Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
- Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH)
What increases the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland?
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
What decreases the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland?
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
What increases the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FDH) from the anterior pituitary gland?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH)
What is GH?
Growth hormone
What hormone has major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones?
Growth hormone (GH)
____________ results from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
Acromegaly
What hormone stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth?
Prolactin (PRL)
