Week 1 Flashcards
What kind of tissue is blood?
Connective tissue
What is the matrix of blood and it’s cellular components called?
Plasma and formed elements
What is the % of red blood cells
(erythrocytes) in the
blood volume called?
Hematocrit
What are the plasma proteins? (3)
- Albumins (60%)
- Globulins (36%)
- Clotting proteins
Which plasma protein is responsible for the following:
- responsible for osmotic pressure in the blood
- transport lipid, hormones, calcium and other solutes
- buffer blood pH
Albumin
Which plasma protein is responsible for the following:
- transport lipids
- defense
Globulins
Which plasma protein includes fibrinogen and prothrombin?
Clotting proteins
The tendency of a solution (blood in this case) to hold (pull)
water into it, is what?
Osmotic pressure
The more the solute concentration, the greater the osmotic
pressure which means __________?
more water will move in
What are the metabolic wastes carried in plasma? (6)
- Free amino acids
- Urea
- Uric acid
- Creatinine
- Ammonia
- Bilirubin
91% of plasma contents is _____?
Water
Is plasma more or less viscous than water?
More viscous (4.5-5.5x more)
Plasma osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of _______ in the plasma.
Solute
Erythrocytes is another word for ______?
Red blood cells (RBCs)
What shape are erythrocytes?
Biconcave, disc shape
Mature erythrocytes are
_______ and have no cell
organelles.
anucleate
What blood cell uses use
anaerobic formation of ATP?
Erythrocytes
What is hemoglobin made up of? (2)
globin proteins and heme pigment
What binds to
amino groups on globin
proteins?
Carbon dioxide
What binds to
heme groups on globin
proteins?
Oxygen
Production of
formed elements is called _______?
Hematopoiesis
hematopoietic stem cell in red bone marrow is also known as?
Hemocytoblast
immature RBCs with ejected
nucleus and organelles (still contains
some ER) is called?
Reticulocytes
RBC production is regulated by _______?
Erythropoietin
Old RBC become fragmented
and get trapped in circulation,
particularly in the _________.
Spleen
What happens to the
heme units once the RBC has been
phagocytized?
Heme portion is broken down into iron
(recycled) and biliverdin (excreted as waste).
What happens to the
globin units once the RBC has been
phagocytized?
Globin portion (protein) is broken down into amino acids (recycled) - reused to make new proteins.
Four globin chains includes:
2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains
Four heme groups includes:
Each molecule has one molecule of iron
which binds oxygen
What is HgbF?
Fetal hemoglobin
What is HgbS?
Sickle Cell Anemia
What is oxyhemoglobin?
Oxygenated blood
What is deoxyhemoglobin?
Deoxygenated blood
What is carbaminohemoglobin?
A compound of hemoglobin with carbon dioxide
What is anemia?
a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood
What is polycythemia?
a condition in which an overproduction of
RBCs are produced causing an increase in blood viscosity (sluggish blood flow)
What are leukocytes main purpose?
Protecting your body from infection
What blood cell is more abundant in tissue than in the blood?
Leukocytes
What blood cells are complete cells with nuclei and other cell organelles?
Leukocytes
What are the two main categories of WBCs?
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
WBC production is via hemocytoblast and is stimulated by
hematopoietic factors called _________.
Cytokines
What are the (3) granulocytes?
- Neutrophils
- Basophils
- Eosinophils
What are the (2) agranulocytes?
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
Which granulocyte phagocytoses of bacteria
and fungi?
Neutrophils
Which granulocyte releases histamine from
granules and other
substances that promote
the inflammatory process?
Basophils
Which granulocyte releases enzymes from
cytoplasm?
Eosinophils
Which agranulocytes produce antibodies and
other chemicals that destroy microbes?
Lymphocytes
Which agranulocyte leaves the blood and
become a macrophage in the long term?
Monocytes
What are the (4) steps of WBC action?
- Margination
- Diapedesis (transmigration)
- Chemotaxis
- Activation and phagocytosis
Accumulation and adhesion of leukocytes blood vessel walls is called _______?
Margination
Passage of WBC through the intact walls of blood
vessels is called ______?
Diapedesis (transmigration)
Movement of a white blood cell toward a chemical
stimulus is called _______?
Chemotaxis
Process of engulfing dead cells, bacteria, parasites and
debris by a cell is called _______?
Phagocytosis
Overproduction of WBC is called _________ this
occurs during infection.
Leukocytosis
Increased numbers of abnormal WBCs is called _______?
Leukemia
Platelets production is regulated by hormone thrombopoietin that comes from which organs?
Liver and kidneys
What is HSCs?
Hematopoietic stem cells
(3) Stages of hemostasis?
- Vascular spasm
- Platelet plug
formation - Coagulation
Immediate vasoconstriction happens in which stage of hemostasis?
Vascular spasm
What happens when there is injury to smooth muscles of blood vessels?
long-lasting vasoconstriction
and release of serotonin by platelets
Which stage of hemostasis is this?
- Become “sticky” when blood vessel broken, adhering to
each other and releasing chemicals (serotonin and prostaglandins) - The aggregation of platelets
Platelet plug
formation
Which stage of hemostasis is this?
- A series (30) of chemical reactions of clotting factors and Ca++ to form the
enzyme thrombin - Thrombin converts fibrinogen (in plasma) into fibrin (creates a mesh)
Coagulation
What is the role of calcium ions in blood clotting?
Calcium initiates the release of blood-clotting agents from your platelets
The surface of RBCs contain genetically determined
assortment of glycoproteins and glycolipids is known as ______?
Antigens
Which antigen is most reactive?
Antigen D (Rh+)
The clumping of red blood cells within the body is called _______________?
Agglutinate
Person without antigen D has ______?
Designated Rh-
Rupture of the RBCs in the donated blood
Hemolysis
Blood plasma without the clotting factors is called _______?
Serum
Platelets are fragments from _________?
Megakaryotes
Are ABO blood groups glycolipids or glycoproteins?
Glycolipids
