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Anatomy 2 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of tissue is blood?

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

What is the matrix of blood and it’s cellular components called?

A

Plasma and formed elements

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3
Q

What is the % of red blood cells
(erythrocytes) in the
blood volume called?

A

Hematocrit

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4
Q

What are the plasma proteins? (3)

A
  • Albumins (60%)
  • Globulins (36%)
  • Clotting proteins
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5
Q

Which plasma protein is responsible for the following:

  • responsible for osmotic pressure in the blood
  • transport lipid, hormones, calcium and other solutes
  • buffer blood pH
A

Albumin

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6
Q

Which plasma protein is responsible for the following:

  • transport lipids
  • defense
A

Globulins

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7
Q

Which plasma protein includes fibrinogen and prothrombin?

A

Clotting proteins

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8
Q

The tendency of a solution (blood in this case) to hold (pull)
water into it, is what?

A

Osmotic pressure

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9
Q

The more the solute concentration, the greater the osmotic
pressure which means __________?

A

more water will move in

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10
Q

What are the metabolic wastes carried in plasma? (6)

A
  • Free amino acids
  • Urea
  • Uric acid
  • Creatinine
  • Ammonia
  • Bilirubin
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11
Q

91% of plasma contents is _____?

A

Water

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12
Q

Is plasma more or less viscous than water?

A

More viscous (4.5-5.5x more)

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13
Q

Plasma osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of _______ in the plasma.

A

Solute

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14
Q

Erythrocytes is another word for ______?

A

Red blood cells (RBCs)

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15
Q

What shape are erythrocytes?

A

Biconcave, disc shape

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16
Q

Mature erythrocytes are
_______ and have no cell
organelles.

A

anucleate

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17
Q

What blood cell uses use
anaerobic formation of ATP?

A

Erythrocytes

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18
Q

What is hemoglobin made up of? (2)

A

globin proteins and heme pigment

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19
Q

What binds to
amino groups on globin
proteins?

A

Carbon dioxide

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20
Q

What binds to
heme groups on globin
proteins?

A

Oxygen

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21
Q

Production of
formed elements is called _______?

A

Hematopoiesis

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22
Q

hematopoietic stem cell in red bone marrow is also known as?

A

Hemocytoblast

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23
Q

immature RBCs with ejected
nucleus and organelles (still contains
some ER) is called?

A

Reticulocytes

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24
Q

RBC production is regulated by _______?

A

Erythropoietin

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25
Q

Old RBC become fragmented
and get trapped in circulation,
particularly in the _________.

A

Spleen

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26
Q

What happens to the
heme units once the RBC has been
phagocytized?

A

Heme portion is broken down into iron
(recycled) and biliverdin (excreted as waste).

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27
Q

What happens to the
globin units once the RBC has been
phagocytized?

A

Globin portion (protein) is broken down into amino acids (recycled) - reused to make new proteins.

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28
Q

Four globin chains includes:

A

2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

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29
Q

Four heme groups includes:

A

Each molecule has one molecule of iron
which binds oxygen

30
Q

What is HgbF?

A

Fetal hemoglobin

31
Q

What is HgbS?

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

32
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin?

A

Oxygenated blood

33
Q

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

A

Deoxygenated blood

34
Q

What is carbaminohemoglobin?

A

A compound of hemoglobin with carbon dioxide

35
Q

What is anemia?

A

a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood

36
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

a condition in which an overproduction of
RBCs are produced causing an increase in blood viscosity (sluggish blood flow)

37
Q

What are leukocytes main purpose?

A

Protecting your body from infection

38
Q

What blood cell is more abundant in tissue than in the blood?

A

Leukocytes

39
Q

What blood cells are complete cells with nuclei and other cell organelles?

A

Leukocytes

40
Q

What are the two main categories of WBCs?

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Agranulocytes
41
Q

WBC production is via hemocytoblast and is stimulated by
hematopoietic factors called _________.

A

Cytokines

42
Q

What are the (3) granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
43
Q

What are the (2) agranulocytes?

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
44
Q

Which granulocyte phagocytoses of bacteria
and fungi?

A

Neutrophils

45
Q

Which granulocyte releases histamine from
granules and other
substances that promote
the inflammatory process?

A

Basophils

46
Q

Which granulocyte releases enzymes from
cytoplasm?

A

Eosinophils

47
Q

Which agranulocytes produce antibodies and
other chemicals that destroy microbes?

A

Lymphocytes

48
Q

Which agranulocyte leaves the blood and
become a macrophage in the long term?

A

Monocytes

49
Q

What are the (4) steps of WBC action?

A
  1. Margination
  2. Diapedesis (transmigration)
  3. Chemotaxis
  4. Activation and phagocytosis
50
Q

Accumulation and adhesion of leukocytes blood vessel walls is called _______?

A

Margination

51
Q

Passage of WBC through the intact walls of blood
vessels is called ______?

A

Diapedesis (transmigration)

52
Q

Movement of a white blood cell toward a chemical
stimulus is called _______?

A

Chemotaxis

53
Q

Process of engulfing dead cells, bacteria, parasites and
debris by a cell is called _______?

A

Phagocytosis

54
Q

Overproduction of WBC is called _________ this
occurs during infection.

A

Leukocytosis

55
Q

Increased numbers of abnormal WBCs is called _______?

A

Leukemia

56
Q

Platelets production is regulated by hormone thrombopoietin that comes from which organs?

A

Liver and kidneys

57
Q

What is HSCs?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

58
Q

(3) Stages of hemostasis?

A
  • Vascular spasm
  • Platelet plug
    formation
  • Coagulation
59
Q

Immediate vasoconstriction happens in which stage of hemostasis?

A

Vascular spasm

60
Q

What happens when there is injury to smooth muscles of blood vessels?

A

long-lasting vasoconstriction
and release of serotonin by platelets

61
Q

Which stage of hemostasis is this?

  • Become “sticky” when blood vessel broken, adhering to
    each other and releasing chemicals (serotonin and prostaglandins)
  • The aggregation of platelets
A

Platelet plug
formation

62
Q

Which stage of hemostasis is this?

  • A series (30) of chemical reactions of clotting factors and Ca++ to form the
    enzyme thrombin
  • Thrombin converts fibrinogen (in plasma) into fibrin (creates a mesh)
A

Coagulation

63
Q

What is the role of calcium ions in blood clotting?

A

Calcium initiates the release of blood-clotting agents from your platelets

64
Q

The surface of RBCs contain genetically determined
assortment of glycoproteins and glycolipids is known as ______?

A

Antigens

65
Q

Which antigen is most reactive?

A

Antigen D (Rh+)

66
Q

The clumping of red blood cells within the body is called _______________?

A

Agglutinate

67
Q

Person without antigen D has ______?

A

Designated Rh-

68
Q

Rupture of the RBCs in the donated blood

A

Hemolysis

69
Q

Blood plasma without the clotting factors is called _______?

A

Serum

70
Q

Platelets are fragments from _________?

A

Megakaryotes

71
Q

Are ABO blood groups glycolipids or glycoproteins?

A

Glycolipids

Anatomy 2 (13 decks)

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