Week 10 Flashcards
Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Blood composition depends on what (3) factors?
- diet
- cellular metabolism
- urine output
Kidneys have (4) roles in maintaining blood composition?
- Excretion of nitrogen-containing wastes
- Maintaining water balance of the blood
- Maintaining electrolyte balance of the blood
- Ensuring proper blood pH
Solutes in the body include electrolytes such as (3):
- sodium
- potassium
- calcium ions
Water follow sodium most effectively, true or false?
True
Osmoreceptors react to small changes in blood composition by becoming more ________?
active
Osmoreceptors are in charge of the _______ mechanism
thirst
The water in saliva comes from ____________?
The blood
Where are osmoreceptors located?
hypothalamus
(4) Sources of water output?
– Lungs
– Perspiration
– Feces
– Urine
___________________ prevents excessive
water loss in the urine and increases water reabsorption
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Diabetes insipidus results when ADH is not released which leads to (2)?
- Severe dehydration
- Electrolyte imbalances
In diabetes insipidus, does this lead to low or high specific gravity?
Low specific gravity
___________ work by neutralizing the effects of hydrogen ions
Buffers
_______ compounds of a positively charged ion bound to a negatively charged ion
Salts
______are proton givers
Acids
_______ are proton acceptor
bases
____ is measure of hydrogen concentration
pH
_________ are a combination of a weak acid and weak base to resist changes in pH
buffers
___________ dissociate completely and liberate all of their H+ in water
Strong acids
E.g. of strong acid
HCL
______________ dissociate only partially such as carbonic acid
Weak acids
_______________ dissociate easily in water and sponge up H+
Strong bases
_____________ such as bicarbonate ion and
ammonia, are slower to accept H+
Weak bases
E.g. of a strong base?
Hydroxide OH-
H⁺ don’t exist as individual particles, instead they combine with some water molecules to produce?
hydronium ions (H₃O⁺)
-> Acidic solution
Neutralizing reaction is:
strong acid + strong base = ___________
water + salt
Blood/fluid pH is?
7.35-7.45 pH
Body has (2) types of buffers?
- Physiological
- Chemical buffers
Do buffers neutralize acids or bases?
No - because buffers use weak acids and bases
What type of buffer is immediate?
Chemical buffers
What type of buffer controls the elimination of CO2?
Respiratory system buffers - (CO2 is a source of acid)
What type of buffer eliminates H+ and reabsorbs and generates bicarbonate ions?
Renal system buffers
What type of buffer combines excess acids or bases to prevent changes in pH?
Chemical buffers
e.g. of weak acid?
Carbonic acid
Bicarbonate system is a mixture of (2)
carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
K+ shifts more pronounced in __________________?
metabolic acidosis
____________ are the largest buffer system in the body
Proteins
(2) body protein buffer examples?
albumin and plasma globulins
___________ can function as acids or bases
(amphoteric)
proteins
The _______________________________ system is a process that occurs when hydrogen ions are exchanged for potassium ions across the cell membrane
transcellular hydrogen-potassium exchange
In the respiratory system _______levels in our blood is the same as acid levels in our blood
CO2
In the respiratory system, _______________ sense changes in the PaCO2 (partial pressure of CO2) and pH of the blood and alter ventilatory rate
Chemoreceptors
If you increase your respiratory rate you “blow off” CO2 (acid) therefore decreasing your CO2 (acid) this gives you ___________?
Alkalosis
If you decrease your respiratory rate you
retain CO2 (acid) therefore increasing your CO2 (acid) this gives you ______________?
Acidosis
_____________ disorders result from the addition or loss of excess acid or alkali
metabolic
______________ disorders reflects an increase or decrease in alveolar ventilation
Repiratory
Does acidosis or alkalosis cause the symptoms of confusion, disorientation, coma?
Acidosis
Does acidosis or alkalosis cause the symptoms of causing spasms, convulsions, and respiratory paralysis?
Alkalosis
