Week 9 Flashcards
___________________ is also know as the Krebs cycles and tricarboxylic acid cycle, and it serves as the central metabolic hub.
The Citric Acid Cycle.
In the first step of the Citric acid cycle, ______________ and ________________ undergo a claisen condensation to give _______________.
Oxaloacetate, acetyl-CoA, Citrate.
______________ is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of citrate.
Citrate synthase.
In the second step of the Citric acid cycle, the ___________ alcohol of citrate is isomerized to a _____________ alcohol in ____________ .
Tertiary, Secondary, Isocitrate.
______________ is the enzyme responsible for the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate.
Aconitase.
In the third step of the Citric acid cycle, the __________ group of isocitrate is oxidized to a _____________, which leads to the loss of CO2 and formation of ____________.
Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, NADH.
___________ is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of _______________ from isocitrate.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketogluturate.
_____________ is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of _____________ from alpha-ketogluturate.
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Succinyl-CoA.
____________ is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of _______________ from Succinyl-CoA.
Succinyl-CoA synthase, Succinate.
In the fifth step of the Citric acid cycle, hydrolysis of CoA from succinate is a _______________ phosphorylation, generating ______________.
Substrate-level, ATP or GTP.
__________________ is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ______________ from succinate.
Succinate dehydrogenase, Fumarate.
In the sixth step of the Citric acid cycle, saturated C-C bond is desaturated. The electrons are captured as ___________.
FADH2.
__________________ is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ______________ from Fumarate.
Fumarase, Malate.
In the seventh step of the citric acid cycle, the double bond is hydrated to an ________________.
Alcohol.
__________________ is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ______________ from malate.
Malate dehydrogenase, Oxaloacetate.
In the eighth step of the citric acid cycle, the hydroxyl group is oxidized to a ____________, yielding oxaloacetate and ______________.
Carbonyl, NADH.
In the citric acid cycle, ____________ inhibits three dehydrogenases.
NADH.
_________________ reactions replenish levels of citric acid cycle intermediates through a number of mechanisms.
Anaplerotic
_______________ reactions occur when amine groups are shuttled to alpha-ketoglutarate to generate glutamate and a new alpha-keto acid from the old amino acid.
Transamination
Levels of _______________ can be replenished by removal of the amine moiety from the amino acid glutamate.
Alpha-ketoglutarate.
________________ can be generated via catabolism of odd-chain fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, or the amino acids Thr and Met (via alpha-ketobutyrate)
Propionyl-CoA.
Oxaloacetate replenishment can be generated from glutamate via ______________ transamination.
Aspartate.
In the citric acid cycle, which enzyme catalyzes a non-reversible step?
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
In the citric acid and glycolysis, ___________ ATP, ___________ NADH, and ____________ FADH2 are generated from a single glucose molecule.
4,10, and 2.
______________ occurs in the matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane.
Electron transport chain.
Ubiquinone have 2 electron carriers on the ___________ groups.
Carbonyl.
Higher energy electrons go to lower energy electrons to prevent the creation of _________________ species.
Reactive oxygen.
______________ and ____________ are two important mitochondrial shuttles that transport metabolites from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol.
Glycerophosphate shuttle, and Aspartate-malate shuttle.
The ________________ shuttle is reversible.
Aspartate-malate.
________________ has the highest reducing potential, is a NADH dehydrogenase and the site of NADH oxidation.
Complex I.
Complex I pumps ______________ out of the mitochondrial matrix.
4H+
________________ is a succinate dehydrogenase and generates FADH2 and ubiquinone, no protons are pumped out of the matrix
Complex II
____________________ is a ubiquinone/cytochrome c reductase. Pumps ________________ out of the mitochondrial matrix.
Complex III, 4H+
________________ is a combination of oxidized and reduced forms of ubiquinone found in the mitochondrial membrane.
Q pool.
____________ is a soluble electron carrier, receives electrons from complex III.
Cytochrome C
Cytochrome C has a ____________ protein buried in its core, but is reduced through quantum mechanics. The ___________ protein carries _____________ electron.
Heme, One.
The ETC has a higher reduction potential for ____________ and a lower reduction potential for ______________.
NADH, NAD+.
_______________ is a cytochrome c oxidase, uses 4 different electron carriers and reduces O2 to H2O.
Complex IV.
Complex IV takes _____________ electrons from cytochrome c and pumps ___________ out of the mitochondrial matrix.
4, 2H+.
_____________ is an aggregated supercomplex containing complexes I,III, and IV.
Respirasome.
The respirasome assists with ___________ channeling.
Substrate.
______________ is a poison that affects the functions of complex IV.
Cyanide
______________ is a poison that affects the functions of complex III.
Antimycin A1.
______________ is a poison that affects the functions of complex II.
Carboxyl (fungicide).
______________ is a poison that affects the functions of complex I.
Rotenone (insecticide).
______________ are easily protonated/ deprotonated partially membrane soluble (hydrophobic but somewhat amphipathic) molecules which ferry protons and break down the gradient essentially at random.
Uncouplers.
How many electrons can a fully oxidized quinone accept?
2
_______________ is a multimeric enzyme that uses the electrochemical energy from the proton gradient to produce ATP from ADP and Pi.
ATP synthase.
ATP synthesis is done by the __________ subunit, and H+ translocation is done by the _____________ subunit.
F1, F0.
Protons move between a and b subunits of the ___________ complex.
F0.
___________ and ____________ subunits also move through the hexer of alpha and beta subunits.
Gamma and Epsilon
Always ___________ F1 rotations subunits but ___________ c’s.
Six, 8-17.
Humans have __________ c’s.
8
_________________ force is the electrochemical potential derived from the uneven distribution of electrons across the inner mitochondrial matrix.
Proton motive.
_____________ potential is the higher concentration of protons on the outside of the membrane than the inside.
Chemical.
______________ potential is the added positive charge that accumulates on the outside of the membrane.
Electric.
ETC pumps protons _____________ the gradient.
Against.
_______________ is an enzyme that transports ATP from the mitochondria in exchange for ADP.
ATP:ADP translocase.
______________ domain is an integral membrane protein spanning six alpha helices.
Transmembrane
_______________ ATPase have isolated factor involved in ADP phosphorylation.
F-type (F0/F1 ATPase)
_______________, ________________, and ______________ are inhibitors of the F-type ATPase.
Oligomycin, Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), Aurovertin B.
_______________ ATPase are found in vacuoles and use energy of ATP hydrolysis to pump H+ or Na+ into vacuoles. It is also involved in endocytosis, protein trafficking, active transport of metabolite and neurotransmitter release.
V-type.
_______________, ________________, ______________, and _________________ are inhibitors of the V-type ATPase.
Bafilomycin, Concanmycin, Apicularen, Lobatamide.
Which subunits of ATP synthase rotate?
c, g, and e.
