Week 2 Flashcards
____________ are nitrogenous bases that contain one ring.
Pyrimidines.
________________ are bicyclic nitrogenous bases that contain two rings.
Purines.
___________ are biomolecules that contain a nitrogenous base, a (deoxy)ribose sugar, and a phosphate group.
Nucleotides.
___________ are biomolecules that contain a nitrogenous base and a (deoxy)ribose sugar.
Nucleosides.
____________ are polymers of nucleotides.
Nucleic acids.
_____________ occurs when hydrophobic molecules aggregate within an oily pocket within a molecule.
Hydrophobic effect.
How many bases are found on one full turn of the DNA helix?
10
___________ are minor errors in the DNA sequence.
Mutations
____________ is the copying of DNA, it is bidirectional and semiconservative.
Replication.
Both the ________ strand and the ___________ strand are synthesized from the 5’ to 3’ direction.
Leading and Lagging.
Why can’t you synthesize both strands of DNA continuously?
Because you need to start from a certain position and DNA polymerase only works in one direction.
____________________ is the synthesis of short DNA fragments (up to 70 nucleotides) can be done by hand or robotically.
Solid phase nucleotide synthesis.
In solid phase nucleotide synthesis ___________ groups insure we are only adding 1 base at a time.
Protecting
________________ can be used to amplify millions of copies of a single fragment of DNA in a short period of time.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
What does the PCR reaction mixture contain?
- Template DNA
- Primers
- Heat stable polymerase
- Deoxynucleotides.
What is the role of the primer in a PCR mixture?
It prevents the 2 strands of DNA from reattaching.
What are the steps for PCR?
- Denature
- Anneal oligonucleotide primers
3.Extension of primers with taq polymerase.
What reaction mixture do we use for Sanger sequencing method?
- Template DNA
- Oligonucleotide or sequencing primer
- DNA polymerase
- Radiolabeled dideoxynucleotides.
______________ DNA sequencing that uses flourescently labeled dye terminator nucleotides.
Fluorescent.
In ______________ sequencing genomic DNA is fragmented and ligated to adapters.
Illumina.
____________ encoding is ligase based sequencing technology, it’s better at detecting single nucleotide polymorphism and is less expensive but slower than other sequencing techniques.
Two-Base Encoding.
___________________ are enzymes that cut DNA.
Restriction Enzymes.
____________ ends are easier to attach to other DNA sequences, more likely to have random reactions.
Sticky.
___________ ends are harder to attach other sequences of DNA, less likely to have random reactions.
Blunt.
_________________ are enzymes that seal breaks in the sugar phosphate backbone, they can join blunt or sticky ends.
DNA ligases.
________________ are enzymes that synthesize a new strand of DNA.
DNA polymerase.
____________ are enzymes that help remove base stacking.
Topoisomerase.
________________ are enzymes that remove RNA primers and ___________ adds the missing complementary bases.
Exonucleases, DNA polymerase.
________________ is the process of copying DNA in a living organism.
Cloning
____________ are short loops of bacterial DNA that bacteria use to exchange genes with one another, they can optimized by cloning DNA.
Plasmids.
_______________ is the process of getting pieces of DNA into a bacterial cell.
Transformation.
_____________ is the process of getting pieces of DNA into a eukaryotic cell.
Transfection.
_______________ is the process in which DNA can be introduced into the cell.
Electroporation.
Methods of transfection include:
- Virus infection.
- Electroporation.
- Cationic lipids.
- Microinjection.
______________ is the technique in which DNA is put onto microscopic particles of gold or tungsten, and these particles are physically blasted into the cell using a pulse of helium gas. It is effective for genes that are hard to transfect.
Biolistics.
______________ used to introduce DNA to alter the genetic sequence of a virus and use that virus to deliver genes. Modifies the viral genome.
Recombinant Viral-Mediated Gene Delivery.
________________ are organisms that can be transfected with pieces of DNA integrated into the host genome.
Transgenic Organisms.
__________________ is the process in which a specific mutation is generated at a specific site in the sequence.
Site-directed mutagenesis.
___________ is the process of removing a protein.
Gene silencing.
______________ are organisms that can take advantage of homologous recombination to delete a gene.
Knockout organisms.
______________ exchanging a DNA sequence with another one with large, very similar ends. Occurs During meiosis in eukaryotes.
Homologous recombination.
_______________ is the process in which gene expression is regulated, short stretches of mRNA are synthesized that are the __________ complement message.
RNA interference, reverse.
___________ it is RNA interference but smaller.
siRNA.
siRNA uses ___________ enzymes to induce assembly in a manner which prevents mRNA reading.
Dicer.
CRISPR works in combination with the nuclease ___________ to cut both strands of DNA and leave them exposed.
Cas9.
