Week 10 Flashcards
____________ is a stored form of glucose, highly branched polymer of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 linked glucose monomers, with a single molecule of the protein _______________ ate the core.
Glycogen, glycogenin.
Glycogen storage is regulated by the neurotransmitters _______________ and _______________.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
______________ is the synthesis of glycogen.
Glycogenesis.
Glycogenin is a _____________ transferase that adds glucose molecules (UDP-glucose) to the active site.
Glycosyl.
Tyrosine extension occurs until ___________ glucose monomers long.
4-13.
____________ does the majority of the work in glycogenesis.
Glycogen synthase.
______________ transfers a 7-mer of glucose residues to the hydroxyl on the 6 carbon of a glucose residue at least four glucose residues from the branch point.
Branching enzyme.
____________ is the breakdown of glycogen.
Glycogenolysis.
______________ and ______________ are the components required for breakdown of glycogen.
Glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen debranching enzyme.
________________ removes terminal glucose residues until it is four units away from a branch.
Glycogen phosphorylase.
______________ moves three of the glucose units found at a branch to another chain, then it removes the remaining glucose residues found at the branch point.
Debranching enzyme .
____________ is the main regulator of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase.
Protein Kinase A (PKA).
____________ and ____________ are allosteric regulators of glycogen metabolism.
ATP and glucose-6-phosphate.
_________________ dephosphorylates the b state of glycogen synthase and returns it to the more active a site.
Phosphoprotein phosphates 1 (PP1)
The dephosphorylation the b state of glycogen synthase and returning it to the more active a site is stimulated by the ____________ signaling pathway.
Insulin.
Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase by ____________ or ____________ adopting the less active b state.
Protein Kinase A (PKA), Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3).
Protein Kinase A (PKA), Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) are activated by _____________ and ____________ and inactivated by __________.
Epinephrine, glucagon, and insulin.
Glycogen phosphorylase is activated by ______________ and deactivated by _______________.
Phosphorylation, dephosphorylation.
Glycogen metabolism is dependent on _______________.
Protein Kinase A (PKA).
_______________ is an enzyme anchored in the cytosol in a complex with other proteins that regulate glycogen metabolism.
Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1)
Increased glucose concentrations result in:
A. Increased glycogen synthase activity, increased glycogen phosphorylase activity.
B. Increased glycogen synthase activity, decreased glycogen phosphorylase activity.
C. Decreased glycogen synthase activity, increased glycogen phosphorylase activity.
D. Decreased glycogen synthase activity, decreased glycogen phosphorylase activity.
B. Increased glycogen synthase activity, decreased glycogen phosphorylase activity.
The _______________ produces monosaccharides, NADPH, and antioxidants.
Pentose phosphate pathway.
The pentose phosphate pathway is divided into two stages ______________ which produces _____________ and ______________ which produces different ______________.
Oxidative, NADPH. Nonoxidative, monosaccharides.
NADPH is primarily going to be used in _______________.
Fatty acid biosynthesis.
In the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway, glucose-6-phosphate is converted to ________________ by the enzyme ________________.
6-phosphogluconolactone, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
In the second step of the pentose phosphate pathway, 6-phosphogluconolactone is converted to ________________ by the enzyme ________________.
6-phosphogluconate, 6-phosphogluconolactonase.
In the third step of the pentose phosphate pathway, 6-phosphogluconate is converted to ________________ by the enzyme ________________.
Ribulose-5-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase.
In the fourth step of the pentose phosphate pathway, Ribulose-5-phosphate is converted to ________________ by the enzyme ________________.
Ribose-5-phosphate, ribulose-5-phosphaste isomerase.
In the fifth step of the pentose phosphate pathway, Ribulose-5-phosphate can also be converted to ________________ by the enzyme ________________.
Xylulose-5-phosphate, ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase.
In the sixth step of the pentose phosphate pathway, ribose-5-phosphate and xylulose-5-phosphate are converted to ________________ and ______________ by the enzyme ________________.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and S7P, Transketolase.
In the seventh step of the pentose phosphate pathway, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and S7P are converted to ________________ and ________________ by the enzyme ________________.
Fructose-6-phosphate and Erythrose-4-phosphate, Transaldolase.
