Week 10 Flashcards
____________ is a stored form of glucose, highly branched polymer of alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 linked glucose monomers, with a single molecule of the protein _______________ ate the core.
Glycogen, glycogenin.
Glycogen storage is regulated by the neurotransmitters _______________ and _______________.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
______________ is the synthesis of glycogen.
Glycogenesis.
Glycogenin is a _____________ transferase that adds glucose molecules (UDP-glucose) to the active site.
Glycosyl.
Tyrosine extension occurs until ___________ glucose monomers long.
4-13.
____________ does the majority of the work in glycogenesis.
Glycogen synthase.
______________ transfers a 7-mer of glucose residues to the hydroxyl on the 6 carbon of a glucose residue at least four glucose residues from the branch point.
Branching enzyme.
____________ is the breakdown of glycogen.
Glycogenolysis.
______________ and ______________ are the components required for breakdown of glycogen.
Glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen debranching enzyme.
________________ removes terminal glucose residues until it is four units away from a branch.
Glycogen phosphorylase.
______________ moves three of the glucose units found at a branch to another chain, then it removes the remaining glucose residues found at the branch point.
Debranching enzyme .
____________ is the main regulator of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase.
Protein Kinase A (PKA).
____________ and ____________ are allosteric regulators of glycogen metabolism.
ATP and glucose-6-phosphate.
_________________ dephosphorylates the b state of glycogen synthase and returns it to the more active a site.
Phosphoprotein phosphates 1 (PP1)
The dephosphorylation the b state of glycogen synthase and returning it to the more active a site is stimulated by the ____________ signaling pathway.
Insulin.
Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase by ____________ or ____________ adopting the less active b state.
Protein Kinase A (PKA), Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3).
Protein Kinase A (PKA), Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) are activated by _____________ and ____________ and inactivated by __________.
Epinephrine, glucagon, and insulin.
Glycogen phosphorylase is activated by ______________ and deactivated by _______________.
Phosphorylation, dephosphorylation.
Glycogen metabolism is dependent on _______________.
Protein Kinase A (PKA).
_______________ is an enzyme anchored in the cytosol in a complex with other proteins that regulate glycogen metabolism.
Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1)
Increased glucose concentrations result in:
A. Increased glycogen synthase activity, increased glycogen phosphorylase activity.
B. Increased glycogen synthase activity, decreased glycogen phosphorylase activity.
C. Decreased glycogen synthase activity, increased glycogen phosphorylase activity.
D. Decreased glycogen synthase activity, decreased glycogen phosphorylase activity.
B. Increased glycogen synthase activity, decreased glycogen phosphorylase activity.
The _______________ produces monosaccharides, NADPH, and antioxidants.
Pentose phosphate pathway.
The pentose phosphate pathway is divided into two stages ______________ which produces _____________ and ______________ which produces different ______________.
Oxidative, NADPH. Nonoxidative, monosaccharides.
NADPH is primarily going to be used in _______________.
Fatty acid biosynthesis.
In the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway, glucose-6-phosphate is converted to ________________ by the enzyme ________________.
6-phosphogluconolactone, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
In the second step of the pentose phosphate pathway, 6-phosphogluconolactone is converted to ________________ by the enzyme ________________.
6-phosphogluconate, 6-phosphogluconolactonase.
In the third step of the pentose phosphate pathway, 6-phosphogluconate is converted to ________________ by the enzyme ________________.
Ribulose-5-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase.
In the fourth step of the pentose phosphate pathway, Ribulose-5-phosphate is converted to ________________ by the enzyme ________________.
Ribose-5-phosphate, ribulose-5-phosphaste isomerase.
In the fifth step of the pentose phosphate pathway, Ribulose-5-phosphate can also be converted to ________________ by the enzyme ________________.
Xylulose-5-phosphate, ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase.
In the sixth step of the pentose phosphate pathway, ribose-5-phosphate and xylulose-5-phosphate are converted to ________________ and ______________ by the enzyme ________________.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and S7P, Transketolase.
In the seventh step of the pentose phosphate pathway, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and S7P are converted to ________________ and ________________ by the enzyme ________________.
Fructose-6-phosphate and Erythrose-4-phosphate, Transaldolase.
In the eighth step of the pentose phosphate pathway, xylulose-5-phosphate and Erythrose-4-phosphate are converted to ________________ and ______________ by the enzyme ________________.
Fructose-6-phosphate and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, Transketolase.
________________ are enzymes that use thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) and an aldose substrate to form a ketose.
Transketolases.
_____________ are enzymes that use an active form of lysine to form a Schiff base with an aldose substrate and a carbonyl carbon to form a ketose.
Transaldolases.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is regulated by levels of _____________.
NADP+
Carbohydrates can be oxidized into ____________.
CO2.
_______________ is a tripeptide antioxidant that neutralizes reactive oxygen species,
Glutathione.
Glutathione can be oxidized into a dimer via the enzyme _______________.
Glutathione peroxidase.
___________________ uses NADPH to reduce the disulfide bond and produces 2 molecules of glutathione.
Glutathione dehydrogenase.
________________ is a transcription factor that respond to high levels of carbohydrates, regulates genes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and increase expression of genes involved in energy storage.
Carbohydrate Response Element-Binding Protein (ChREBP).
______________-5- phosphate activates PP2A which activates ChREBP.
Xylulose.
The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway generates how many NADPH and how many CO2?
2 NADPH and 1 CO2.
________________ are membrane-bound or extracellular proteins with some amount of carbohydrate modification. Can either regulate enzyme activity, protein stability, and play a role in protein and protein trafficking.
Glycoproteins.
Glycoproteins modifications are made initially in the _____________ and then continued in the _____________.
Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi complex.
Glycoproteins can either be ________________ linked (amide) or ______________ linked (acetal).
N, O.
_______________ is a universal blood donor.
O.
______________ is a universal recipient.
AB.
_____________ are membrane phospholipids with an attached carbohydrate moiety exposed to the external environment.
Glycolipids
________________ components of the bacterial outermembrane and is toxic to animals causing septic shock.
Lipopolysacharride.
______________ anchors proteins to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and is used by several signal transduction pathways to localize proteins in the plasma membrane.
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI).
______________ are glycosylated sphingolipids that have a single sugar attached to a free __________ groups through a ceramide through a glycosidic linkage.
Cerebrosides.
_____________ are glycosylated sphingolipids that have three to seven monosaccharides attached.
Gangliosides.
Gangliosides and cerebrosides are internalized and degraded by___________.
Lysosomes.
_____________ is a major component of the extracellular matrix and are extensive mesh nets of polysaccharides joined to fibrous proteins.
Proteoglycans.
Proteoglycans contain _______________ and a protein core.
Glycosaminoglycan.
______________ this is an example of glycosaminoglycans and is found in the extracellular matrices of most animals.
Heparin sulfate
_____________ this is an example of glycosaminoglycans and is found in tendons and cartilage.
Chondroitin sulfate.
______________ this is an example of glycosaminoglycans and is found in bone, horn, and cornea.
Keratan sulfate.
______________ this is an example of glycosaminoglycans and is a non-proteoglycan matrix.
Hyaluronic acid.
____________ are lengthy chains of polysaccharides cross-linked by peptides and found in bacterial cell walls.
Peptidoglycans.
Peptidoglycan are composed of a dimeric repeat of ______________ and _____________ acid in a B-1,4 linkage.
N-Acetylglucosamine and N-Acetylmuramic.
_____________ can block bacterial cell wall formation.
Antibiotics.
What does the O-type blood lack that prevents the body from recognizing it as foreign?
A terminal hexose sugar on the glycoprotein.
_____________ is a tissue made of proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans in a fibrous, gel-like mesh.
Extracellular matrix.
_______________ is a protein found in high amounts in the extracellular matrix. Adopts a triple helix composed of ____________, _______________, and ________________.
Glycine, hydroxyproline, and lysine.
___________ is required for collagen synthesis, protein hydroxylation is key to this process.
Vitamin C.
____________ Is the enzyme responsible for generation of 4-hydroxyproline.
Prolyl hydroxylase.
_____________ is responsible for the core of elastic fibers found in skin and arteries.
Elastin.
Elastin is composed mostly of ____________ residues.
Hydrophobic.
_____________ found in the extracellular matrix in a soluble form in the circulation. It also functions in the clotting cascade and acts as an adapter between the cell and the matrix.
Fibronectin.
____________ is a family of proteins that function in the basal lamina, a layer of the basement membrane, a fibrous layer of connective tissue found under the epithelial cells.
Laminins.
Laminin dysfunction causes this disorder in humans?
Muscular Dystrophy.
____________ describes how large matrix proteins interacts with macromolecules.
Interactome.
______________ is a process in which cells are grown on a plastic tissue culture dish for researchers to study cells under different conditions.
Cell culture.
____________ engineering describes the growth of cultured cells in three-dimensional matrix.
Tissue
The ___________ is the matrix to which cells attach, needs to provide structure for the cells to grow.
Scaffold.
_____________ are associations of one or multiple microbe species living in a secreted matrix and are often found at an air-liquid or solid-liquid interface.
Biofilms.
______________ is a biofilm participates in opportunistic infections and can be treated with antibiotics.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
______________ is a biofilm composed of microbes (mostly streptococcus) that live on the surface of teeth and gingival, or gum, tissues.
Dental Plaque.
