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Biochemistry > Week 12 > Flashcards

Week 12 Flashcards

1
Q

_______________ are amphipathic, unbranched long-chain carboxylic acids, containing an even (usually) number of carbon atoms that are components of neutral lipids, phospholipids, and eicosanoids.

A

Fatty acids.

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2
Q

Fatty acids are stored as _______________ in adipose (fat) tissue .

A

Triacylglycerols.

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3
Q

_________________ fatty acids do not contain double bonds.

A

Saturated.

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4
Q

_______________ fatty acids contain double bonds.

A

Unsaturated

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5
Q

The _____________ carbon is the terminal carbon (opposite from the carboxyl).

A

Omega

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6
Q

_________________ is a spherical structure composed of aggregates of fatty acids at high concentrations.

A

Micelle.

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7
Q

Micelles result in a _______________ in entropy and spontaneous reaction.

A

Decrease.

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8
Q

Micelle formation results in _________________ degrees of freedom for water.

A

Increased

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9
Q

__________________ is the classification of fatty acids that do not have charged groups because the carboxylic acid is esterified to either glycerol or cholesterol.

A

Neutral Lipids.

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10
Q

If a neutral lipid is liquid at room temperature it is an _________________ and if it is solid it is ________________.

A

Oil, Fat.

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11
Q

Generally saturated fat is __________ at room temperature and unsaturated fats are more likely to be _______________.

A

Solid, Liquid.

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12
Q

_______________ have properties similar to those of saturated fats, but metabolized differently than saturated and cis fatty acids.

A

Trans Fats.

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13
Q

_________________ are fatty acid esterified to cholesterol.

A

Cholesteryl esters

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14
Q

Cholesteryl esters form a large part of _______________ in the arteries, which can lead to heart disease.

A

Plaque.

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15
Q

_________________ are hydrophobic, long-chain fatty acids esterified to a long-chain alcohol.

A

Waxes.

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16
Q

________________ are amphipathic lipids that contain a phosphate moiety. They are found in lipid bilayers.

A

Phospholipids.

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17
Q

___________________ are lipids that contain a glycerol backbone, two fatty acyl chains, and a phosphoalcohol.

A

Glycerphospholipids

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18
Q

__________________ are lipids that contain a sphingosine backbone, one fatty acyl chain, and a phosphoalcohol.

A

Sphingophospholipids.

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19
Q

________________ are groups of lipids with diverse functions but a common skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Examples include hormones.

A

Steroids.

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20
Q

__________________ are made from cholesterol and are critical for sexual development, reproduction, and regulation of mineral balance in higher organisms.

A

Steroid hormones

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21
Q

________________ is the most common steroid and maintains membrane fluidity.

A

Cholesterol

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22
Q

_______________ are detergents synthesized from cholesterol by the liver and stored in the ________________.

A

Bile salts, Gall Bladder.

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23
Q

Bile salts are used to solubilize dietary lipids in the ___________________; increases the surface area and facilitates the enzymatic degradation of lipids.

A

Small intestines

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24
Q

As with fatty acids, the deprotonated form of the molecule is referred to as a _______________ while the protonated form is referred to as __________________.

A

Bile salt, Bile acid.

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25
Q

________________ are molecules derived from 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids.

A

Eicosanoids.

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26
Q

______________ is the breakdown of fatty acids.

A

Beta-Oxidation

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27
Q

Each cycle of Beta-Oxidation shortens the fatty acid chain by ________________.

A

2C

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28
Q

Beta-Oxidation usually occurs in the _________________ but really long chains of fatty acids get oxidized in the _______________.

A

Mitochondria, Peroxisome.

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29
Q

Activation of Beta-Oxidation occurs through coupling to Coenzyme A to form _______________.

A

acyl-CoA.

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30
Q

In odd numbered fatty acids, _______________ is formed, which is converted to succinyl-CoA.

A

Propionyl-CoA.

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31
Q

Since long-chain acyl-CoAs cannot penetrate the inner mitochondrial membrane, Fatty acids are shuttled across the inner mitochondrial membrane as _________________.

A

acyl carnitines

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32
Q

In the Beta-Oxidation pathway, fatty acyl-CoA is converted to _________________ by the enzyme ________________.

A

trans-delta2-enoyl-CoA. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.

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33
Q

In the Beta-Oxidation pathway, trans-delta2- enoyl-CoA is converted to _________________ by the enzyme ________________.

A

3-L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA. Enoyl-CoA hydratase.

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34
Q

In the Beta-Oxidation pathway, 3-L-Hydroxyacyl- CoA is converted to _________________ by the enzyme ________________.

A

Beta-Ketoacyl-CoA. 3-L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase

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35
Q

In the Beta-Oxidation pathway, Beta-ketoacyl-CoA is converted to _________________ by the enzyme ________________.

A

Fatty acyl CoA. Beta-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase.

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36
Q

What is the major metabolic pathway products of beta-oxidation feed into?

A

The citric acid cycle (acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA)

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37
Q

_________________ Requires the input of energy, Built from 2C units, Process is similar to beta-oxidation, but it is not the reverse.

A

Fatty acid Biosynthesis

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38
Q

_________________ is the enzyme that synthesizes malonyl-CoA and releases it into the cytosol. Found in the endoplasmic reticulum and the rate-limiting step of fatty acid biosynthesis is catalyzed by this enzyme.

A

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

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39
Q

_________________ is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes seven enzymatic reactions
4 are analogous to beta oxidation while 3 are novel.

A

Fatty Acid Synthase

40
Q

Fatty acids are elongated by two carbons through the additional of activated ________________.

A

Malonyl-CoA.

41
Q

Desaturation of fatty acids occur through the enzyme ______________.

A

Δ-9 desaturase.

42
Q

_____________________ dephosphorylatres acetyl-CoA carboxylase and returns it to the active state.

A

Phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A (PP2A).

43
Q

Phosphorylation of ACC I by __________________ or _________________ results in ACC adopting the less active state.

A

AMP kinase (AMPK), Protein kinase A (PKA).

44
Q

Protein kinase A (PKA) is stimulated by _______________ and _______________.

A

Epinephrine and Glucagon.

45
Q

Phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is stimulated by the _______________ signaling pathway.

A

Insulin

46
Q

Mammalian fatty acid synthase generates fatty acids with how many carbons and how many double bonds?

A

16 carbons; 0 double bonds. Palmitate.

47
Q

________________ are small soluble molecules made in the liver in times of energetic scarcity.

A

Ketone bodies

48
Q

In the ketone bodies synthesis pathway, 2 acetyl CoAs combine to form ________________ by the enzyme ______________.

A

Acetoacetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase

49
Q

In the ketone bodies synthesis pathway, acetoacetyl-CoA is converted to ________________ by the enzyme ______________.

A

HMG-CoA. HMG-CoA synthase.

50
Q

In the ketone bodies synthesis pathway, HMG-CoA is converted to ________________ and _______________ by the enzyme ______________.

A

Acetoacetate, Acetyl-CoA. HMG-CoA lyase.

51
Q

In the ketone bodies synthesis pathway, acetoacetate and acetyl-CoA are converted to ________________ by the enzyme ______________.

A

D-beta-hydroxybutyrate. Beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.

52
Q

__________________ is a state in which an increased level of ketone bodies is produced. Can stem from a low carbohydrate diet.

A

Ketosis

53
Q

_______________ synthesis occurs in the liver and is required for membrane fluidity.

A

Cholesterol

54
Q

In cholesterol synthesis _______________ production is the committed step

A

Mevalonate.

55
Q

________________ is reduced to mevalonate in cholesterol synthesis.

A

HMG-CoA.

56
Q

______________ is an important intermediate that gets oxidized so we can have an alcohol and is folded to make cholesterol.

A

Squalene.

57
Q

___________________ dephosphorylates the reductase and returns it to the active state.

A

HMG-CoA reductase phosphatase.

58
Q

HMG-CoA reductase phosphatase dephosphorylation is stimulated by the ______________ signaling pathway but blocked by _______________ and __________________.

A

Insulin. Epinephrine, Glucagon.

59
Q

Different types of ______________ are derived from cholesterol.

A

Bile salts.

60
Q

_______________ are compounds that bind to bile salts in the small intestine and sequester them. Can be effective at lowering plasma cholesterol.

A

Bile Acid Sequestrants

61
Q

How many isoprenes are used to make one molecule of cholesterol?

A

6 isoprenes- 5C each to make 30C squalene

62
Q

_________________ is a precursor of eicosanoids and endocanabiniods.

A

Arachidonic acid.

63
Q

NSAIDS such as ibuprofen and aspirin inhibit ______________ and ________________ for pain relief.

A

COX I and COX II

64
Q

______________ is constitutively expressed
and is used in day-to-day signaling pathways such as regulating blood pressure and blood clotting, immune system, and circadian cycle. Also used in childbirth

A

COX I

65
Q

________________ may be induced when injury or inflammation damages a tissue

A

COX II

66
Q

_________________ are small lipophilic signaling molecules to act over short ranges are Signaling molecules derived from arachidonate.

A

Endocannabinoids

67
Q

______________ Bind to Δ9 tetrahydrocannabinol.
Results in hypotension, increased appetite (also known as orexia) and decreased pain perception. Are G protein receptors

A

Cannabinoid (CB) receptors

68
Q

_______________ are nonspecific cation channel involved in pain perception.

A

Vanilloid receptors

69
Q

_______________ are amphipathic lipid molecules containing a phosphate head and nonpolar tail.

A

Phospholipids

70
Q

_________________ is a central molecule to phospholipid and neutral lipid metabolism.

A

Phosphatidate

71
Q

________________ and ________________ are the bases of making sphingolipids.

A

Palmitoyl-CoA and serine

72
Q

_________________ are enzymes that cleave phospholipids. Many are specific to the point of cleavage and substrates they cut.

A

Phospholipases.

73
Q

An enzyme that adds a fatty acid to the assembling phospholipid is called (category):

A

An acyltransferase

74
Q

Synthesis of Triacylglycerols occurs predominantly in ________________, but can happen in other tissues as well.

A

Small Intestine.

75
Q

_________________ are spherical micelles of phospholipids and apolipoproteins surrounding a neutral lipid core. Differ in ratio of protein:lipid content. Include HDL, IDL, LDL, and VDL.

A

Lipoproteins

76
Q

_________________ transport is the removal of cholesterol from the circulation and peripheral tissues to the liver. Plasma ___________ levels are increased.

A

Reverse Cholesterol Transport. HDL.

77
Q

_________________ is secreted by the neurons and is a small, disk-shaped, HDL-like particles. It is a brain lipid protein with multiple isoforms.

A

Apolipoprotein E

78
Q

________________ are secreted by the liver
and bind to nonspecific fatty acids through hydrophobic interactions. Binding decreases drug efficacy and increases half-life

A

Albumins

79
Q

______________ bind to several sex hormones, including cortisone, but also to aldosterone and progesterone. Blocks the effect of signaling molecules

A

Transcortins

80
Q

___________________ is the process in which the cell internalizes particles and uses the cholesterol contents of low-density lipoproteins.

A

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis.

81
Q

In Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis _______________ binds to the patch of receptors forming a coated pit.

A

Clathrin.

82
Q

Motor proteins, such as _________________, assist in pinching off from the membrane.

A

Dynamin.

83
Q

Vesicles enter the endocytic pathway as an ____________________.

A

Early endosome.

84
Q

The enzyme 2-monoacylglycerol acyltransferase adds an acyl group on ______________________.

A

2-monoacylglycerol.

85
Q

________________ is an enzyme that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidate to diacylglycerol . Helps coordinate neutral lipid synthesis with the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine

A

Phosphatidate Phosphatase.

86
Q

____________________ is the organelle that stores neutral lipids in the cell. Contain a phospholipid monolayer coating a core of hydrophobic triacylglycerols or cholesterol esters.

A

Lipid Storage Droplets.

87
Q

________________ are key proteins involved in regulating lipid metabolism.

A

Perilipins

88
Q

_________________ is the regulated mobilization and breakdown of triacylglycerols. Triggered by hormone signaling.

A

Lipolysis.

89
Q

Lipolysis is regulated by _________________.

A

AMP kinase.

90
Q

In ______________ storage, mobilization occurs over minutes to hours. cAMP is manipulated via hormones and cell signaling cascades.

A

Acute.

91
Q

_______________ storage occurs over weeks or longer. Partially affected by both levels of gene expression and diet.

A

Chronic.

92
Q

______________ are transient, loosely bound, bundles of cholesterol and sphingolipids (especially sphingomyelin) thought to be involved in signaling. Sites of action for pathogen entry into a cell and cell survival.

A

Lipid Rafts.

93
Q

________________ is essential to the lipid rafts, and depletion or manipulation disrupts the raft.

A

Cholesterol.

94
Q

______________ is a flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane. Involved in membrane trafficking.

A

Caveolae.

95
Q

______________ are associated with caveolae and are cholesterol-binding proteins.

A

Caveolins.

Biochemistry (32 decks)

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