Week 12 Flashcards
_______________ are amphipathic, unbranched long-chain carboxylic acids, containing an even (usually) number of carbon atoms that are components of neutral lipids, phospholipids, and eicosanoids.
Fatty acids.
Fatty acids are stored as _______________ in adipose (fat) tissue .
Triacylglycerols.
_________________ fatty acids do not contain double bonds.
Saturated.
_______________ fatty acids contain double bonds.
Unsaturated
The _____________ carbon is the terminal carbon (opposite from the carboxyl).
Omega
_________________ is a spherical structure composed of aggregates of fatty acids at high concentrations.
Micelle.
Micelles result in a _______________ in entropy and spontaneous reaction.
Decrease.
Micelle formation results in _________________ degrees of freedom for water.
Increased
__________________ is the classification of fatty acids that do not have charged groups because the carboxylic acid is esterified to either glycerol or cholesterol.
Neutral Lipids.
If a neutral lipid is liquid at room temperature it is an _________________ and if it is solid it is ________________.
Oil, Fat.
Generally saturated fat is __________ at room temperature and unsaturated fats are more likely to be _______________.
Solid, Liquid.
_______________ have properties similar to those of saturated fats, but metabolized differently than saturated and cis fatty acids.
Trans Fats.
_________________ are fatty acid esterified to cholesterol.
Cholesteryl esters
Cholesteryl esters form a large part of _______________ in the arteries, which can lead to heart disease.
Plaque.
_________________ are hydrophobic, long-chain fatty acids esterified to a long-chain alcohol.
Waxes.
________________ are amphipathic lipids that contain a phosphate moiety. They are found in lipid bilayers.
Phospholipids.
___________________ are lipids that contain a glycerol backbone, two fatty acyl chains, and a phosphoalcohol.
Glycerphospholipids
__________________ are lipids that contain a sphingosine backbone, one fatty acyl chain, and a phosphoalcohol.
Sphingophospholipids.
________________ are groups of lipids with diverse functions but a common skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Examples include hormones.
Steroids.
__________________ are made from cholesterol and are critical for sexual development, reproduction, and regulation of mineral balance in higher organisms.
Steroid hormones
________________ is the most common steroid and maintains membrane fluidity.
Cholesterol
_______________ are detergents synthesized from cholesterol by the liver and stored in the ________________.
Bile salts, Gall Bladder.
Bile salts are used to solubilize dietary lipids in the ___________________; increases the surface area and facilitates the enzymatic degradation of lipids.
Small intestines
As with fatty acids, the deprotonated form of the molecule is referred to as a _______________ while the protonated form is referred to as __________________.
Bile salt, Bile acid.
________________ are molecules derived from 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Eicosanoids.
______________ is the breakdown of fatty acids.
Beta-Oxidation
Each cycle of Beta-Oxidation shortens the fatty acid chain by ________________.
2C
Beta-Oxidation usually occurs in the _________________ but really long chains of fatty acids get oxidized in the _______________.
Mitochondria, Peroxisome.
Activation of Beta-Oxidation occurs through coupling to Coenzyme A to form _______________.
acyl-CoA.
In odd numbered fatty acids, _______________ is formed, which is converted to succinyl-CoA.
Propionyl-CoA.
Since long-chain acyl-CoAs cannot penetrate the inner mitochondrial membrane, Fatty acids are shuttled across the inner mitochondrial membrane as _________________.
acyl carnitines
In the Beta-Oxidation pathway, fatty acyl-CoA is converted to _________________ by the enzyme ________________.
trans-delta2-enoyl-CoA. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.
In the Beta-Oxidation pathway, trans-delta2- enoyl-CoA is converted to _________________ by the enzyme ________________.
3-L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA. Enoyl-CoA hydratase.
In the Beta-Oxidation pathway, 3-L-Hydroxyacyl- CoA is converted to _________________ by the enzyme ________________.
Beta-Ketoacyl-CoA. 3-L-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
In the Beta-Oxidation pathway, Beta-ketoacyl-CoA is converted to _________________ by the enzyme ________________.
Fatty acyl CoA. Beta-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase.
What is the major metabolic pathway products of beta-oxidation feed into?
The citric acid cycle (acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA)
_________________ Requires the input of energy, Built from 2C units, Process is similar to beta-oxidation, but it is not the reverse.
Fatty acid Biosynthesis
_________________ is the enzyme that synthesizes malonyl-CoA and releases it into the cytosol. Found in the endoplasmic reticulum and the rate-limiting step of fatty acid biosynthesis is catalyzed by this enzyme.
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
_________________ is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes seven enzymatic reactions
4 are analogous to beta oxidation while 3 are novel.
Fatty Acid Synthase
Fatty acids are elongated by two carbons through the additional of activated ________________.
Malonyl-CoA.
Desaturation of fatty acids occur through the enzyme ______________.
Δ-9 desaturase.
_____________________ dephosphorylatres acetyl-CoA carboxylase and returns it to the active state.
Phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A (PP2A).
Phosphorylation of ACC I by __________________ or _________________ results in ACC adopting the less active state.
AMP kinase (AMPK), Protein kinase A (PKA).
Protein kinase A (PKA) is stimulated by _______________ and _______________.
Epinephrine and Glucagon.
Phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is stimulated by the _______________ signaling pathway.
Insulin
Mammalian fatty acid synthase generates fatty acids with how many carbons and how many double bonds?
16 carbons; 0 double bonds. Palmitate.
________________ are small soluble molecules made in the liver in times of energetic scarcity.
Ketone bodies
In the ketone bodies synthesis pathway, 2 acetyl CoAs combine to form ________________ by the enzyme ______________.
Acetoacetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase
In the ketone bodies synthesis pathway, acetoacetyl-CoA is converted to ________________ by the enzyme ______________.
HMG-CoA. HMG-CoA synthase.
In the ketone bodies synthesis pathway, HMG-CoA is converted to ________________ and _______________ by the enzyme ______________.
Acetoacetate, Acetyl-CoA. HMG-CoA lyase.
In the ketone bodies synthesis pathway, acetoacetate and acetyl-CoA are converted to ________________ by the enzyme ______________.
D-beta-hydroxybutyrate. Beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.
__________________ is a state in which an increased level of ketone bodies is produced. Can stem from a low carbohydrate diet.
Ketosis
_______________ synthesis occurs in the liver and is required for membrane fluidity.
Cholesterol
In cholesterol synthesis _______________ production is the committed step
Mevalonate.
________________ is reduced to mevalonate in cholesterol synthesis.
HMG-CoA.
______________ is an important intermediate that gets oxidized so we can have an alcohol and is folded to make cholesterol.
Squalene.
___________________ dephosphorylates the reductase and returns it to the active state.
HMG-CoA reductase phosphatase.
HMG-CoA reductase phosphatase dephosphorylation is stimulated by the ______________ signaling pathway but blocked by _______________ and __________________.
Insulin. Epinephrine, Glucagon.
Different types of ______________ are derived from cholesterol.
Bile salts.
_______________ are compounds that bind to bile salts in the small intestine and sequester them. Can be effective at lowering plasma cholesterol.
Bile Acid Sequestrants
How many isoprenes are used to make one molecule of cholesterol?
6 isoprenes- 5C each to make 30C squalene
_________________ is a precursor of eicosanoids and endocanabiniods.
Arachidonic acid.
NSAIDS such as ibuprofen and aspirin inhibit ______________ and ________________ for pain relief.
COX I and COX II
______________ is constitutively expressed
and is used in day-to-day signaling pathways such as regulating blood pressure and blood clotting, immune system, and circadian cycle. Also used in childbirth
COX I
________________ may be induced when injury or inflammation damages a tissue
COX II
_________________ are small lipophilic signaling molecules to act over short ranges are Signaling molecules derived from arachidonate.
Endocannabinoids
______________ Bind to Δ9 tetrahydrocannabinol.
Results in hypotension, increased appetite (also known as orexia) and decreased pain perception. Are G protein receptors
Cannabinoid (CB) receptors
_______________ are nonspecific cation channel involved in pain perception.
Vanilloid receptors
_______________ are amphipathic lipid molecules containing a phosphate head and nonpolar tail.
Phospholipids
_________________ is a central molecule to phospholipid and neutral lipid metabolism.
Phosphatidate
________________ and ________________ are the bases of making sphingolipids.
Palmitoyl-CoA and serine
_________________ are enzymes that cleave phospholipids. Many are specific to the point of cleavage and substrates they cut.
Phospholipases.
An enzyme that adds a fatty acid to the assembling phospholipid is called (category):
An acyltransferase
Synthesis of Triacylglycerols occurs predominantly in ________________, but can happen in other tissues as well.
Small Intestine.
_________________ are spherical micelles of phospholipids and apolipoproteins surrounding a neutral lipid core. Differ in ratio of protein:lipid content. Include HDL, IDL, LDL, and VDL.
Lipoproteins
_________________ transport is the removal of cholesterol from the circulation and peripheral tissues to the liver. Plasma ___________ levels are increased.
Reverse Cholesterol Transport. HDL.
_________________ is secreted by the neurons and is a small, disk-shaped, HDL-like particles. It is a brain lipid protein with multiple isoforms.
Apolipoprotein E
________________ are secreted by the liver
and bind to nonspecific fatty acids through hydrophobic interactions. Binding decreases drug efficacy and increases half-life
Albumins
______________ bind to several sex hormones, including cortisone, but also to aldosterone and progesterone. Blocks the effect of signaling molecules
Transcortins
___________________ is the process in which the cell internalizes particles and uses the cholesterol contents of low-density lipoproteins.
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis.
In Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis _______________ binds to the patch of receptors forming a coated pit.
Clathrin.
Motor proteins, such as _________________, assist in pinching off from the membrane.
Dynamin.
Vesicles enter the endocytic pathway as an ____________________.
Early endosome.
The enzyme 2-monoacylglycerol acyltransferase adds an acyl group on ______________________.
2-monoacylglycerol.
________________ is an enzyme that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidate to diacylglycerol . Helps coordinate neutral lipid synthesis with the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine
Phosphatidate Phosphatase.
____________________ is the organelle that stores neutral lipids in the cell. Contain a phospholipid monolayer coating a core of hydrophobic triacylglycerols or cholesterol esters.
Lipid Storage Droplets.
________________ are key proteins involved in regulating lipid metabolism.
Perilipins
_________________ is the regulated mobilization and breakdown of triacylglycerols. Triggered by hormone signaling.
Lipolysis.
Lipolysis is regulated by _________________.
AMP kinase.
In ______________ storage, mobilization occurs over minutes to hours. cAMP is manipulated via hormones and cell signaling cascades.
Acute.
_______________ storage occurs over weeks or longer. Partially affected by both levels of gene expression and diet.
Chronic.
______________ are transient, loosely bound, bundles of cholesterol and sphingolipids (especially sphingomyelin) thought to be involved in signaling. Sites of action for pathogen entry into a cell and cell survival.
Lipid Rafts.
________________ is essential to the lipid rafts, and depletion or manipulation disrupts the raft.
Cholesterol.
______________ is a flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane. Involved in membrane trafficking.
Caveolae.
______________ are associated with caveolae and are cholesterol-binding proteins.
Caveolins.
