Week 3 Flashcards
Ribonucleotides polymerize to form ____________, where as 2-deoxyribonucleotides polymerize to form _____________.
RNA, DNA.
What is the difference about uracil relative to thymine?
A methyl group has been replaced with a hydrogen, this means its slightly less hydrophobic which marginally contributes to the lower stability of RNA.
_____________ is the copying of DNA into an RNA message.
Transcription
What would happen if introns are not spliced out before translation?
We wouldn’t have a functional protein.
____________ is the synthesis of proteins.
Translation.
Peptides are synthesized from the ________ terminus to the _________ terminus.
N, C.
________________ are the sequences of RNA that code for individual amino acids.
The genetic code
________________ are multiple codons for the same amino acid.
Degenerate codons.
_______________ is the favoritism of certain degenerate codon over others.
Codon bias.
____________ is the lack of consistency in the third base of a codon.
Wobble.
Mitochondrial genome differs between species by as many as ____________ codons.
4.
______________ is the process in which genes are expressed at different levels.
Gene regulation
_____________ make sections of mRNA to go double stranded which can also make it last longer.
Riboswitches.
_____________ are small pathogenic assemblies of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) that require a cellular host for replication.
Viruses.
_____________ use RNA to make DNA during their life cycle.
Retroviruses.
____________ is the synthesis of an RNA message from a DNA template.
Transcription.
____________ have a single RNA polymerase that transcribes all RNAs.
Prokaryotes.
_______________ have specific RNA polymerase that synthesize different classes of RNA.
Eukaryotes.
RNA polymerase are large they weigh _____________
500kDa.
What are the types or RNA?
1- ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
2- transfer RNA (tRNA)
3- messenger RNA (mRNA)
4- small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs)
5- microRNAs (miRNAs)
_______________ are proteins that bind to DNA sequences that send signals that direct RNA polymerase to bind at the appropriate location on the DNA helix and begin transcribing RNA.
Transcription factors.
What are the 5 stages of transcription?
1- Pre-initiation
2-Initiation
3- Promoter clearance
4- Elongation
5- Termination
Transcription factors fall into 2 categories:
1- Core promoters
2- Specific transcription factors
Bacterial pre-initiation complex consists of_____________
RNA polymerase and a core promoter (sigma factor)
Eukaryote pre-initiation complex consists of a_____________
Core promoter that is upstream of the transcription start site.
The TATA box is an example of a _____________
Core promoter.
_____________ are viruses that have an RNA genome that must be written into DNA in the host cell for the virus to reproduce.
Retroviruses.
_______________ is the process in which DNA is generated from mRNA.
Reverse transcription
