Week 14 Flashcards
The ___________________ is responsible for the urea cycle, gluconeogenesis, and ketone body biosynthesis.
Liver.
The liver stores ______________ of body’s glycogen.
25%
The _______________ regulates both appetite and metabolism and uses glucose as fuel.
Brain
The __________________ doesn’t normally contribute to the metabolic needs of other organs; instead makes demands on other organs.
Muscle.
The muscles stores ________________ of body’s glycogen.
75%.
_________________ are fat-storing cells of adipose tissue that acquire fatty acids from either chylomicrons or VLDL.
Adipocytes.
Slow twitch muscles are ________________ and _________________.
Red, Aerobic.
Fast twitch muscles are ________________ and _________________.
White, anaerobic.
Adipocytes lack ________________ and thus cannot recycle glycerol.
Glycerol Kinase
__________________ is both a metabolically active tissue and an endocrine tissue that secretes several molecules that regulate appetite and metabolism.
Adipose Tissue
Adipose tissue stores and regulates the release of free fatty acids and glycerol from _________________.
Triacylglycerol.
The ______________ excretes toxic metabolites from the body, it consumes 10% of the body’s energetic need.
Kidney.
The kidney oxidatively deamintates ________________ to produce ammonia.
Glutamine.
______________ is the process in which excessive ketone bodies are in the blood, occurs during periods of starvation.
Ketosis.
In the postprandial state, metabolites are absorbed from the ________________.
Small Intestine.
_________________ signal adipose tissue to mobilize fatty acids from tryacylglycerols for fuel.
Catecholamines.
During the starved state, upregulation of _________________ occurs.
HMG-CoA synthase.
Where is a great deal of transamination occurring relative to other parts of the body?
The muscle
_______________ is the study of chemical signaling and its effects in the body.
Endocrinology
________________ are hormones made from short chains of amino acids.
Peptide hormones
_________________ hormones are derived from cholesterol. Function over longer periods of time - hours to days rather than seconds to minutes.
Steroid.
The _________________ is a region of the brain that integrates neuronal and hormonal signals.
hypothalamus
The _________________ of the hypothalamus controls appetite.
Arcuate nucleus.
The ________________ of the hypothalamus is responsible for osmoregulation, appetite, and stress.
Paraventricular nucleus
_________________ and ________________ hormones can be received at the hypothalamus and can also be produced by the hypothalamus.
Thyroid and Steroid Hormones
_______________ are a group of seven proteins that can act as deacetylases.
Sirtuins
Sirtuins regulate genes by modifying _______and may directly affect metabolic pathways by deacetylating __________.
histones, enzymes.
Which hormone acts counter to insulin and where is its primary site of action?
Glucagon; the liver
____________diabetes also known as juvenile diabetes, is when pancreatic β cells are destroyed which leads to no insulin production
Type I
____________diabetes also known as adult diabetes, when cells cannot respond to insulin and is linked to obesity.
Type II.
______________ is a result of elevated levels of pregnancy hormones, which influence insulin signaling.
Gestational.
The _____________ effect states that cancer cells tend to ferment glucose rather than perform oxidative respiration.
Warburg.
In___________inadequate amino acids in diet.
Kwashiorkor.
In __________ inadequate energy produced from diet for metabolic needs.
Marasmus.
The __________ produced by alcohol overconsumption may be used by the brain as fuel when alcohol is consumed in excess.
Acetate.
