Week 1 Flashcards
__________ is the process in which unfavorable reactions can be made energetically possible by linking them to favorable ones.
Coupling Reactions.
___________ is the chemical state when the rate of the forward and reverse state of a reaction are equal.
Equilibrium
__________ is the field of study that analyzes the rates of chemical reactions.
Kinetics
__________ is the rate of any chemical reaction that can be described using a mathematical expression.
Rate Law.
___________ are fragments of a molecule, such as a hydroxyl or carbonyl group.
Functional groups
_________ groups are common to all classes of biological molecules. They participate in numerous reactions including esterifications, dehydrations, and oxidations.
Hydroxyl
The polar ________ group participates in numerous biochemical reactions. Frequently ________ carbons are subjected to nucleophilic attack by hydroxy or amino groups.
Carbonyl
_________ groups are weak acids. They are common functional groups and participate in the formation of several other groups, including esters and amides.
Carboxyl
_________ are the results of a hydroxyl group and carboxylic acid reacting with one another. They are commonly found in many lipids.
Esters
_________ groups can be thought of as hydroxyl analogs. They are found in the amino acid cysteine.
Thiol
_________ result from the reaction of two thiol groups together. ________ reducing agents cleave the _________ and restore the two thiols.
Disulfide
_________ have a large negative free energy of hydrolysis.
Thioester
___________ groups are common to all classes of biological molecules. The lone pair of electrons on the ________ group can acquire a proton resulting in a positively charged amino acid.
Amino
____________ are formed through the reaction of an amine and a carboxylic acid. Peptides are the ________ linkages found in proteins, but other ________ bonds are found throughout biochemistry.
Amide
___________ are the result of the addition of a phosphate group to a hydroxyl group.
Phosphoesters
_____________ are commonly found in nucleoside triphosphates like ATP and have a large negative free energy of hydrolysis.
Phosphoanhydrides.
Molecule can be made more water soluble by adding more ________ groups.
Polar
_________________ explains the making and breaking of bonds at the molecular level.
Reaction mechanism
______________ are macromolecular assemblies of smaller building blocks.
Polymers.
__________________ states that all reactions seek to move toward equilibrium.
Le Chatelier’s principle.
If delta H is negative and delta S is positive the reaction will be _______________
Spontaneous.
If delta H is positive and delta S is positive the reaction will be______________
Spontaneous at high temperatures.
If delta H is negative and delta S is negative the reaction will be _____________
Spontaneous at low temperatures.
if delta H is positive and delta S is negative the reaction will be __________
Never spontaneous.
What is the formula for delta G?
Delta G= Delta H- T delta s
