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Biochemistry > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

_______________ are the simplest carbohydrate (contain one sugar).

A

Monosaccharides.

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2
Q

___________ is a conformation when carbohydrates differ at one stereo-center.

A

Epimer.

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3
Q

____________ carbon is the former carbonyl carbon from the hemiacetal/hemiketal.

A

Anomeric.

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4
Q

______________ is the process of converting from one anomeric form to the other.

A

Mutarotation.

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5
Q

_____________ are the linkages that join monosaccharides to each other, proteins, lipids, or peptides.

A

Glycosidic bonds

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6
Q

____________ contain free aldehyde groups or ketoses that can isomerize to aldoses.

A

Reducing sugars.

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7
Q

Mannose is a __________ epimer of glucose.

A

C-2

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8
Q

______________ are polymers of monosaccharides.

A

Polysaccharides

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9
Q

____________ is a beta-1,4 linkage between galactose and glucose.

A

Lactose.

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10
Q

___________ is a alpa-1,2-beta linkage between glucose and fructose.

A

Sucrose

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11
Q

_____________ is a alpha-1,4 linkage between two molecules of glucose.

A

Maltose

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12
Q

____________ is a linear polymer of several thousand glucose monomers.

A

Amylose.

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13
Q

_____________ is a branched polymer of several thousand to several hundred thousand glucose molecules.

A

Amylopectin.

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14
Q

Amylopectin has an alpha-1,6 branch point every _____________ residues.

A

24-30.

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15
Q

______________ is a storage form of carbohydrate in animals, contains several tens of thousands of glucose monomers.

A

Glycogen.

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16
Q

Glycogen is highly branched at every ___________ residues. Alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6.

A

6-12.

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17
Q

____________ is the structural polysaccharide in plants and is made of Beta-1,4 glycosidic linkages.

A

Cellulose.

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18
Q

Humans cannot digest cellulose because they lack the enzyme___________.

A

Beta-glucosidase.

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19
Q

Humans cannot digest the trisaccharide raffinose because they lack the enzyme _____________.

A

Alpha-galactosidase.

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20
Q

______________ are structural polysaccharides in fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods.

A

Chitin.

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21
Q

Chitin consists of Beta-1,4 glycosidic linkages of _______________.

A

N-Acetylglucosamine.

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22
Q

______________ is a structural polysaccharide found in brown algae and kelp.

A

Alginate.

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23
Q

Glucose and other monosaccharides are catabolized through glycolysis into ___________.

A

Pyruvate.

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24
Q

______________ is the process when a small molecule (metabolite) is transformed into a different molecule through a series of enzymatic reactions.

A

Metabolic Pathway.

25
Q

_______________ is the process when one molecule of glucose is catabolized into two pyruvates.

A

Glycolysis

26
Q

Pyruvate can be oxidized to _____________ which goes into the citric acid cycle.

A

Acetyl-CoA

27
Q

There are ______________ steps in glycolysis, the first 5 steps are the ________________ steps and the last 5 are the _________________ steps.

A

10, Energy investment, energy yielding.

28
Q

Steps ____________ and _______________ consume ATP.

A

1, 3.

29
Q

In the 1st step of glycolysis ____________ phosphorylate 1 glucose molecules to form ________________.

A

Hexokinase, Glucose-6-phosphate.

30
Q

In the 2nd step of glycolysis ____________ isomerize glucose-6-phosphate to form ________________.

A

Phosphoglucose Isomerase, Fructose-6-phosphate.

31
Q

The 3rd step of glycolysis is the ____________ step.

A

Rate-limiting.

32
Q

In the 3rd step of glycolysis ____________ phosphorylate fructose-6-phosphate to form ________________.

A

Phosphofructokinase, fructose-1,6-biphosphate.

33
Q

In the 4th step of glycolysis ____________ cleaves fructose-1,6-biphosphate to form ________________ and ______________.

A

Aldolase, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetonephosphate.

34
Q

In step ______________ of glycolysis the enediol intermediate is formed.

A

5

35
Q

In the 5th step of glycolysis ____________isomerizes dihydroxyacetonephosphate to form ________________.

A

Triose phosphate Isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

36
Q

In the 6th step of glycolysis ____________ oxidizes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to form ________________.

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 1,3-biphosphoglycerate.

37
Q

This cofactor is commonly found reduced in glycolysis ________________.

A

NADH.

38
Q

This cofactor is commonly found oxidized in glycolysis _____________.

A

NAD+

39
Q

In the 7th step of glycolysis ____________ transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to form ________________.

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase, 3-phosphoglycerate.

40
Q

In the 8th step of glycolysis ____________ isomerizes 3-phosphoglycerate to form ________________.

A

Phosphoglycertae mutase, 2-phosphoglycerate.

41
Q

In the 9th step of glycolysis ____________ dehydrates 2-phosphoglycerate to form ________________.

A

Enolase, Phosphoenolpyruvate.

42
Q

In the 10th step of glycolysis ____________ transfers a phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to form ________________.

A

Pyruvate kinase, Pyruvate.

43
Q

______________ is a type of regulation where the products of a reaction act to further activate the pathway.

A

Feed forward activation

44
Q

In Gluconeogenesis _______________ converts pyruvate to _________________.One ___________ is consumed.

A

Pyruvate carboxylase, Oxaloacetate. ATP

45
Q

In gluconeogenesis ________________ converts oxaloacetate to _________________. One ____________ is consumed.

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, phosphoenolpyruvate.GTP

46
Q

In gluconeogenesis ______________ converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to _________________. This enzyme is regulated by ______________ control.

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, Fructose-6-phosphate, Allosteric.

47
Q

In gluconeogenesis ______________ converts glucose-6-phosphate to ______________.

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase,Glucose.

48
Q

The first two reactions of gluconeogenesis are compartmentalized to the ______________.

A

Mitochondria.

49
Q

If glucose levels are low which process is more prone to occur?

A

Gluconeogenesis.

50
Q

In aerobic conditions, pyruvate is catalyzed into_____________ by the enzyme _____________.

A

Acetyl-CoA, Pyruvate dehydrogenase

51
Q

In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is catalyzed into_____________by the enzyme _____________.

A

Lactate, lactate dehydrogenase.

52
Q

Pyruvate is catalyzed into the amino acid _____________ by the enzyme _____________.

A

Alanine, Alanine transaminase.

53
Q

Pyruvate is also catalyzed into_____________ by the enzyme _____________.

A

Acetaldehyde, Alcohol dehydrogenase.

54
Q

This is a multi-enzyme complex found in the mitochondrial matrix and is a committed step between ______________ metabolism and ______________ metabolism.

A

Carbohydrate, and Lipid.

55
Q

_______________ is regulated by insulin, AMP, ATP, phosphoenolpyruvate, NADH, and acetyl-CoA.

A

Phosphatase.

56
Q

Pyruvate is transaminated with ___________ to form alanine and _______________ by alanine aminotransferase.

A

Glutamate, Alpha-ketoglutarate.

57
Q

Oxaloacetate is transminated into ____________ or used in the citric acid cycle.

A

Aspartate.

58
Q

_______________ are reactions that build up levels of citric acid cycle intermediates and restore levels of oxaloacetate. Example is ______________.

A

Anaplerotic reactions. Pyruvate Carboxylase.

59
Q

Which classification of process would provide more energy?
A. anaplerotic
B. Anaerobic
C. Aerobic
D. Amidation

A

C. Aerobic.

Biochemistry (32 decks)

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