Week 8 Flashcards
_______________ are the simplest carbohydrate (contain one sugar).
Monosaccharides.
___________ is a conformation when carbohydrates differ at one stereo-center.
Epimer.
____________ carbon is the former carbonyl carbon from the hemiacetal/hemiketal.
Anomeric.
______________ is the process of converting from one anomeric form to the other.
Mutarotation.
_____________ are the linkages that join monosaccharides to each other, proteins, lipids, or peptides.
Glycosidic bonds
____________ contain free aldehyde groups or ketoses that can isomerize to aldoses.
Reducing sugars.
Mannose is a __________ epimer of glucose.
C-2
______________ are polymers of monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides
____________ is a beta-1,4 linkage between galactose and glucose.
Lactose.
___________ is a alpa-1,2-beta linkage between glucose and fructose.
Sucrose
_____________ is a alpha-1,4 linkage between two molecules of glucose.
Maltose
____________ is a linear polymer of several thousand glucose monomers.
Amylose.
_____________ is a branched polymer of several thousand to several hundred thousand glucose molecules.
Amylopectin.
Amylopectin has an alpha-1,6 branch point every _____________ residues.
24-30.
______________ is a storage form of carbohydrate in animals, contains several tens of thousands of glucose monomers.
Glycogen.
Glycogen is highly branched at every ___________ residues. Alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6.
6-12.
____________ is the structural polysaccharide in plants and is made of Beta-1,4 glycosidic linkages.
Cellulose.
Humans cannot digest cellulose because they lack the enzyme___________.
Beta-glucosidase.
Humans cannot digest the trisaccharide raffinose because they lack the enzyme _____________.
Alpha-galactosidase.
______________ are structural polysaccharides in fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods.
Chitin.
Chitin consists of Beta-1,4 glycosidic linkages of _______________.
N-Acetylglucosamine.
______________ is a structural polysaccharide found in brown algae and kelp.
Alginate.
Glucose and other monosaccharides are catabolized through glycolysis into ___________.
Pyruvate.
______________ is the process when a small molecule (metabolite) is transformed into a different molecule through a series of enzymatic reactions.
Metabolic Pathway.
_______________ is the process when one molecule of glucose is catabolized into two pyruvates.
Glycolysis
Pyruvate can be oxidized to _____________ which goes into the citric acid cycle.
Acetyl-CoA
There are ______________ steps in glycolysis, the first 5 steps are the ________________ steps and the last 5 are the _________________ steps.
10, Energy investment, energy yielding.
Steps ____________ and _______________ consume ATP.
1, 3.
In the 1st step of glycolysis ____________ phosphorylate 1 glucose molecules to form ________________.
Hexokinase, Glucose-6-phosphate.
In the 2nd step of glycolysis ____________ isomerize glucose-6-phosphate to form ________________.
Phosphoglucose Isomerase, Fructose-6-phosphate.
The 3rd step of glycolysis is the ____________ step.
Rate-limiting.
In the 3rd step of glycolysis ____________ phosphorylate fructose-6-phosphate to form ________________.
Phosphofructokinase, fructose-1,6-biphosphate.
In the 4th step of glycolysis ____________ cleaves fructose-1,6-biphosphate to form ________________ and ______________.
Aldolase, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetonephosphate.
In step ______________ of glycolysis the enediol intermediate is formed.
5
In the 5th step of glycolysis ____________isomerizes dihydroxyacetonephosphate to form ________________.
Triose phosphate Isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
In the 6th step of glycolysis ____________ oxidizes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to form ________________.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 1,3-biphosphoglycerate.
This cofactor is commonly found reduced in glycolysis ________________.
NADH.
This cofactor is commonly found oxidized in glycolysis _____________.
NAD+
In the 7th step of glycolysis ____________ transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to form ________________.
Phosphoglycerate kinase, 3-phosphoglycerate.
In the 8th step of glycolysis ____________ isomerizes 3-phosphoglycerate to form ________________.
Phosphoglycertae mutase, 2-phosphoglycerate.
In the 9th step of glycolysis ____________ dehydrates 2-phosphoglycerate to form ________________.
Enolase, Phosphoenolpyruvate.
In the 10th step of glycolysis ____________ transfers a phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to form ________________.
Pyruvate kinase, Pyruvate.
______________ is a type of regulation where the products of a reaction act to further activate the pathway.
Feed forward activation
In Gluconeogenesis _______________ converts pyruvate to _________________.One ___________ is consumed.
Pyruvate carboxylase, Oxaloacetate. ATP
In gluconeogenesis ________________ converts oxaloacetate to _________________. One ____________ is consumed.
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, phosphoenolpyruvate.GTP
In gluconeogenesis ______________ converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to _________________. This enzyme is regulated by ______________ control.
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, Fructose-6-phosphate, Allosteric.
In gluconeogenesis ______________ converts glucose-6-phosphate to ______________.
Glucose-6-phosphatase,Glucose.
The first two reactions of gluconeogenesis are compartmentalized to the ______________.
Mitochondria.
If glucose levels are low which process is more prone to occur?
Gluconeogenesis.
In aerobic conditions, pyruvate is catalyzed into_____________ by the enzyme _____________.
Acetyl-CoA, Pyruvate dehydrogenase
In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is catalyzed into_____________by the enzyme _____________.
Lactate, lactate dehydrogenase.
Pyruvate is catalyzed into the amino acid _____________ by the enzyme _____________.
Alanine, Alanine transaminase.
Pyruvate is also catalyzed into_____________ by the enzyme _____________.
Acetaldehyde, Alcohol dehydrogenase.
This is a multi-enzyme complex found in the mitochondrial matrix and is a committed step between ______________ metabolism and ______________ metabolism.
Carbohydrate, and Lipid.
_______________ is regulated by insulin, AMP, ATP, phosphoenolpyruvate, NADH, and acetyl-CoA.
Phosphatase.
Pyruvate is transaminated with ___________ to form alanine and _______________ by alanine aminotransferase.
Glutamate, Alpha-ketoglutarate.
Oxaloacetate is transminated into ____________ or used in the citric acid cycle.
Aspartate.
_______________ are reactions that build up levels of citric acid cycle intermediates and restore levels of oxaloacetate. Example is ______________.
Anaplerotic reactions. Pyruvate Carboxylase.
Which classification of process would provide more energy?
A. anaplerotic
B. Anaerobic
C. Aerobic
D. Amidation
C. Aerobic.
