Week 8 - Intellectual Impairment Flashcards

1
Q

What is an intellectual disability?

A

A term used to describe a reduced ability to understand new or complex information and to learn and apply new skills.

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2
Q

How does the DSM 5 classify intellectual disability?

A

Intellectual disability involves impairments of general mental abilities that impact adaptive functioning in 3 domains:
Conceptual domain
Social Domain
Practical domain

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3
Q

What is the conceptual domain in the DSM 5?

A
Skills in:
language
reading
writing
math
reasoning
knowledge
memory
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4
Q

What is the social domain in the DSM 5?

A

Empathy
social judgement
interpersonal communication skills
ability to make and retain friends

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5
Q

What is the practical domain?

A
Self management of personal care
job responsibilities
money management
recreation
organising school and work tasks
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6
Q

How is intellectual disability diagnosed?

A

An individual’s symptoms must begin during the developmental period and diagnosis is based on the severity of deficits in adaptive functioning

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7
Q

What comorbidities are present with intellectual disability?

A

Other mental conditions such as depression, ADHS and ASD

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8
Q

How is intellectual disability defined?

A

There is a significant impairment in intellectual functioning
Difficulties in adaptive behaviour
Manifestation in the developmental period (before 18 year)

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9
Q

What causes intellectual disability?

A

A cause is not always able to be identified

May be pre-natal, perinatal, postnatal

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10
Q

What are genetic causes of intellectual disability?

A
Down syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Tuberous Sclerosis
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Angelman's syndrome
Rett Syndrome
Williams syndrome
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11
Q

What are environmental causes of intellectual disability?

A
Problems during pregnancy - infections, substance abuse
Problems during birth 
Childhood health problems
Conditions later in life (dementia)
Specific illness or accident
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12
Q

What are early signs and symptoms of intellectual disability?

A

Delayed sitting, crawling or walking
Delayed speech and/or ongoing difficulties with speech
Poor attention to activities
Limited planning or problem solving abilities
Difficulties understanding rules and instructions
Behavioural and/or social difficulties
Difficulties with self care tasks

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13
Q

What are core activities?

A
Self-care
Mobility
Emotional Tasks
Communication
Reading and writing
Cognitive tasks
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14
Q

On average, people with intellectual disability need assistance with how many core tasks?

A

4 or more

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15
Q

How is a child diagnosed with intellectual disability?

A
  1. Parent or caregiver notices developmental red flags
  2. GP provides referral to paediatrician
  3. Therapists complete assessments and plan supports
  4. Paediatrician consultation
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16
Q

What interventions can be used for intellectual disability?

A

Developing motor milestones and communication strategies
Education to caregivers
Establishing routines and behaviour management
Maximising independence with ADLs
Assistance with learning and play
Schooling and employment options
Leisure interests and community access

17
Q

What considerations need to be made for the future for children with intellectual disability?

A

Family and housing
Schools and education
Employment
Carer supports for the future

18
Q

What is down syndrome?

A

A genetic chromosome 21 disorder causing developmental and intellectual delays.

19
Q

What is the most common cause of intellectual disability?

A

Down syndrome/trisomy 21

20
Q

What is the world’s most common chromosomal disorder?

A

Down syndrome/trisomy 21

21
Q

What are the three types of down syndrome?

A

Trisomy 21 (95%)
Translocation (4%)
Mosaicism (1%)

22
Q

How is down syndrome diagnosed?

A

Recognisable at birth and confirmed by blood test

23
Q

What are the clinical signs of down syndrome?

A
Hypotonia
Brachycephaly
Eyes slanted, epicanthic folds, Brushfield spots (small white or grey spots on the iris)
Tongue appears large
Ears poorly formed and small
Hands broad, simian crease
Gap between first and second toes
24
Q

What comorbidities can be present in children with down syndrome?

A

Increased risk of malformations with congenital heart disease being present in 30-50% of children
Gastrointestinal malformations
Respiratory problems
Increased susceptibility for infection