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Clinical Medicine - OT > Week 2 - Cardiac Conditions > Flashcards

Week 2 - Cardiac Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Atherosclerosis is a disease of the arteries caused by a build up of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls, causing them to harden and narrow.

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2
Q

What is Coronary Artery Disease?

A

Damage or disease in the heart’s major blood vessels.

The usual cause is the build-up of plaque. This causes coronary arteries to narrow, limiting blood flow to the heart.

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3
Q

What is angina?

A

A type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. Reproducible symptoms, so happens under certain conditions and not others, eg. exercise.

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4
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

AMI or Heart attack - blood flow is blocked to the heart and the cardiac muscle dies.

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5
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Atrial fibrillation is an irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots in the heart.

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6
Q

What is heart failure?

A

The heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s need for blood and oxygen.

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7
Q

What is the lumen of the artery?

A

The inside space or tube

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8
Q

What are the 5 risk factors of heart disease?

A
  1. Hypercholesterolemia
  2. Smoking
  3. Diabetes
  4. Hypertension
  5. Genetic component
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9
Q

What are the 5 stages of atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Intimal thickening
  2. Fatty streak
  3. Fibroatheroma
    4, Plaque formation
  4. Blood flow restriction
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10
Q

What is intimal thickening?

A

Wall thickening of the intima - cellular changes that cause the inner layer of the artery to thicken, decreasing the size of the lumen.

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11
Q

What is fibroatheroma?

A

The formation of fibrous tissue due to migration of cells

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12
Q

What is fibroatheroma?

A

Migration of cells, causing fibrous tissue to form

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of plaque?

A

Soft and hard

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14
Q

What is the common cause of coronary artery disease?

A

Atherosclerosis

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15
Q

What conditions can Coronary Artery Disease cause?

A
  1. Angina
  2. Myocardial infarction
  3. Arrythmias
  4. Heart failure
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16
Q

What conditions can Coronary Artery Disease cause?

A
  1. Angina
  2. Myocardial infarction
  3. Arrythmias
  4. Heart failure
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17
Q

What is arrythmia?

A

Improper beating of the heart, whether irregular, too fast or too slow.

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18
Q

What causes arrythmia?

A

Cardiac arrhythmia occurs when electrical impulses in the heart don’t work properly.

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19
Q

What causes arrythmia?

A

Cardiac arrhythmia occurs when electrical impulses in the heart don’t work properly.

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20
Q

What are the 2 reasons for heart failure?

A
  1. The heart is unable to pump

2. The heart is unable to fill sufficiently

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21
Q

What causes heart failure?

A

A severe cardiac infarction or multiple insults to the heart over time

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22
Q

What are modifiable risk factors for heart disease?

A 
Smoking
hypertension
hypercholesterolemia
obesity
physical inactivity
excessive alcohol consumption
dietary factors
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23
Q

True or false. Smoking increases your risk of cardiovascular disease by 4 times?

A

True

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24
Q

True or false. Physical activity increases your risk of cardiovascular disease by 2 times?

A

False. Physical INactivity increases your risk of cardiovascular disease by 2 times.

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25
Q

What are non-modifiable risk factors of heart disease?

A 
Age
gender
diabetes
renal disease
mental illness
family history
genetic
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26
Q

True or false, as age increases, risk of cardiovascular disease increases?

A

True

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27
Q

True or false, women in general have increased risk of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease over a lifetime?

A

False, MEN have increased risk

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28
Q

True or false, men have a higher risk than women of having cardiovascular disease when they are younger?

A

True

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29
Q

True or false, women have a higher risk factor of cardiovascular disease after 60?

A

True

30
Q

What percentage of Australians are at risk of CVD?

A

75%

31
Q

What percentage of Australians are at risk of CVD?

A

75%

32
Q

How does angina present?

A

As heart attack symptoms.

33
Q

What causes angina?

A

inadequate blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle

34
Q

What is the management of angina?

A

Rest and nitroglycerine

35
Q

What is unstable angina?

A

Occurs without warning, at rest and is not relieved by normal medications.

36
Q

What does nitroglycerine do?

A

dilates the arteries

37
Q

How is a myocardial infarction diagnosed?

A

Changes on an ECG or blood tests

38
Q

What causes a myocardial infarction?

A

Severe or prolonged lack of blood and oxygen, leading to scarring or death of the myocardium

39
Q

What are the signs or myocardial infarction?

A 
Chest pain - crushing and central
Pain radiating to the left arm and jaw
Shortness of breath
Sweating
Loss of cosciousness
40
Q

What is diaphoresis?

A

Sweating

41
Q

What are percutaneous interventions?

A

Non-surgical procedures to treat coronary heart disease

42
Q

What are 3 percutaneous interventions used with CVD?

A
  1. Thrombolysis
  2. Angioplasty
  3. Coronary artery stent
43
Q

What is thrombolysis?

A

A vascular intervention to break down a clot

44
Q

What is angioplasty?

A

A procedure used to increase the flow of blood through a narrowed artery by placing a long thin tube (catheter) into a blood vessel to place a small balloon at the site of the narrowing. When the balloon is inflated, the blood vessel should open and allow a healthy flow of blood.

45
Q

What is a coronary artery stent?

A

A metal stent is placed to maintain lumen…

46
Q

True or false, coronary artery stents require antiplatelet medication?

A

True as the stent can re-occlude over time

47
Q

What are examples of antiplatelet medications?

A

Asprin or Clopidogrel

48
Q

Why is medication used in CVD?

A

To manage risk factors and reduce strain on the heart

49
Q

What is CABGs?

A

Coronary artery bypass grafts

50
Q

When are CABGs used?

A

When there are multiple blocked vessels or long segment disease

51
Q

What are CABGs used for?

A

To bypass blockage and restore downstream flow

52
Q

True or false, stents can be used for blockages over large areas?

A

False, stents can only be used for small areas of blockage

53
Q

What is a vascular conduit?

A

A vascular graft redirecting blood around the blocked area.

54
Q

What are the disadvantages of CABG?

A
  1. Major surgery
  2. Sternotomy and ICU admission
  3. Not all patients are suitable or want this intervention
55
Q

What causes atrial fibrillation?

A

ectopic pacemaker cells in the atrium

56
Q

What is the most common type of arrythmia?

A

Atrial fibrillation

57
Q

What are the risk factors of atrial fibrillation?

A

Age, heart disease, alcohol excess, HTN

58
Q

What are the symptoms of atrial fibrillation?

A

Racing heart, irregular heartbeat, fatigue and shortness of breath

59
Q

How is atrial fibrillation managed?

A

Medication - anticoagulation (warfrin), rate control and cardioversion.

60
Q

What are symptoms of heart failure?

A 
Shortness of breath
fatigue
loss of appetite
swelling in legs
weight gain
orthopnea
61
Q

What is orthopnea?

A

shortness of breath when lying flat

62
Q

What is class 1 heart failure?

A

No symptoms or activity limitation

63
Q

What is class 2 heart failure?

A

Symptoms present with normal physical activity, slight limitation

64
Q

What is class 3 heart failure?

A

Symptoms present with less than normal physical activity with marked limitation

65
Q

What is class 4 heart failure?

A

Symptoms present at rest, unable to perform physical activity without discomfort. Pts higher risk of morbidity and mortality within 12 months. Pts spend >50% of time in bed

66
Q

What are causes of heart failure?

A

Vascular
Muscular
Valvar heart disease
Drug induced

67
Q

What is an example of a vascular cause of heart failure?

A

Ischemic heart disease

Hypertension

68
Q

What is an example of a muscular cause of heart failure?

A

Hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy

69
Q

What side of the heart most commonly fails?

A

Left.

70
Q

What causes right sided heart failure?

A

Left sided failure or severe pulmonary hypertension or COPD

Clinical Medicine - OT (35 decks)

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