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Clinical Medicine - OT > Week 2 - Stroke > Flashcards

Week 2 - Stroke Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stroke?

A

A focal neurological deficit due to cerebrovascular lesion lasting longer than 24 hours.

Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply for over 24 hours.

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2
Q

What is a focal neurological deficit?

A

A problem with the nerve, spinal cord, or brain function that affects a specific location.

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3
Q

When does stroke occur?

A

Stroke occurs when when blood supplied to an area of the brain is inadequate to meet the metabolic needs of that tissue

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4
Q

What are the two types of stroke?

A

Ischemic and Haemorrhagic

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5
Q

What % of strokes are Ischemic?

A

75%

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6
Q

What % of strokes are haemorrhagic?

A

25%

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of Ischemic stroke?

A
  1. Thrombosis
  2. Embolism
  3. Lacunar
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8
Q

What causes Thrombosis?

A

Cholesterol building up in the lumen

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9
Q

What is ischemia?

A

It is a condition in which the blood flow (and thus oxygen) is restricted or reduced in a part of the body.

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10
Q

True or false: Thrombosis is more common in large blood vessels?

A

True

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11
Q

What is the ICA?

A

Internal Carotid Artery - an artery in the neck which supplies the anterior circulation of the brain.

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12
Q

What is the MCA?

A

Middle Cerebral Artery - it is one of the three major paired arteries that supply blood to the cerebrum.

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13
Q

What is a thrombosis stroke?

A

A stroke caused by a thrombus (blood clot) that develops in the arteries supplying blood to the brain

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14
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

A blood clot

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15
Q

What is an embolism stroke?

A

A stroke that occurs when a blood clot that forms elsewhere in the body breaks loose and travels to the brain via the bloodstream.

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16
Q

What is a lacunar stroke?

A

A lacunar stroke occurs when one of the arteries that provide blood to the brain’s deep structures is blocked

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17
Q

Where does an embolism commonly occur from?

A

Clots commonly occur from the heart vessels which can break off and travel or float to the blood vessels within the brain.

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18
Q

What can cause a lacunar stroke?

A

High blood pressure

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19
Q

What is an infarction?

A

Tissue death or necrosis due to inadequate blood supply to the affected area.

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20
Q

What is unique about the arteries where a lacunar stroke occurs?

A

Unlike most arteries, which gradually taper to a smaller size, the small arteries of a lacunar stroke branch directly off of a large, high-pressure, heavily muscled main artery.

21
Q

Why can hypertension lead to a lacunar stroke?

A

High blood pressure can lead to lacunar strokes because it causes a pounding pulse, can directly damage these arteries and causes atherosclerosis.

22
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

A condition in which fatty deposits (plaques) build up along the walls of blood vessels.

23
Q

How can atherosclerosis cause lacunar strokes?

A

Atherosclerosis can make a clot form inside of one of the small deep arteries, blocking blood flow.

24
Q

What is a TIA?

A

Transient Ischemic Attack

25
Q

What is the timeframe of symptoms of a TIA?

A

A few minutes to 24 hours

26
Q

True or false: TIA symptoms completely resolve after 24 hours?

A

False, symptoms resolve within the time frame of a few minutes to 24 hours.

27
Q

True or false: Most stroke patients have a TIA before a large stroke occurs?

A

True

28
Q

What is a Haemorrhagic stroke?

A

A haemorrhagic stroke occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures.

29
Q

What are the 4 types of haemorrhage causing stroke?

A
  1. Extradural Haemorrhage
  2. Subdural Haemorrhage
  3. Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
  4. Intracerebral Haemorrhage
30
Q

What is an extradural haemorrhage?

A

A collection of blood that forms between the inner surface of the skull and the outer layer of the dura

31
Q

What injuries are extradural haemorrhage commonly associated with?

A

Head trauma and skull fracture

32
Q

What is a subdural haemorrhage?

A

A collection of blood that occurs between the brain and its outermost protective layers (the meninges).

33
Q

What is the most common cause of subdural haemorrhage?

A

A fall or a direct blow to the head.

34
Q

What is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

A collection of blood that forms under one of the protective layers of the brain known as the arachnoid layer

35
Q

What commonly causes subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Aneurysm

36
Q

What is intracerebral haemorrhage?

A

Bleeding within the brain tissue itself

37
Q

How is age a risk factor of stroke?

A
  • As we get older our arteries naturally become narrower and harder
  • Higher mortality and poorer quality of life than younger people post stroke
38
Q

True or false: Men are more likely to suffer a stroke and at a younger age.

A

True

39
Q

How is diabetes a risk factor for stroke?

A

Diabetes can cause pathological changes in blood vessels at various different locations in the body, increasing the risk of stroke

40
Q

True or false, stroke kills less women than breast cancer and less men than prostate cancer?

A

False. Stroke kills more women than breast cancer and more men than prostate cancer

41
Q

How many people globally will have a stroke?

A

1 in 4

42
Q

How many people are diagnosed with stroke in Australia per day?

A

100+

43
Q

What does FAST stand for

A

Face
Arms
Speech
Time

44
Q

What does the F in FAST stand for?

A

Face: Check a person’s face to see if their mouth has dropped on one side.

45
Q

What does the A in FAST stand for?

A

Arms: Checking whether a person can move both of their arms or not

46
Q

What does the S in FAST stand for?

A

Speech: Check whether a person’s speech is slurred or whether they can understand what you are saying

47
Q

What does the T in FAST stand for?

A

Time: Time is critical in stroke as stroke treatments must be administered within a certain period of time

48
Q

How many brain cells are lost per minute during stroke?

A

Every minute someone is having a stroke, 1.9 million brain cells are lost.

Clinical Medicine - OT (35 decks)

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