Week 2 - Stroke

Question 1

What is a stroke?

Answer 1

A focal neurological deficit due to cerebrovascular lesion lasting longer than 24 hours.

Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply for over 24 hours.

Question 2

What is a focal neurological deficit?

Answer 2

A problem with the nerve, spinal cord, or brain function that affects a specific location.

Question 3

When does stroke occur?

Answer 3

Stroke occurs when when blood supplied to an area of the brain is inadequate to meet the metabolic needs of that tissue

Question 4

What are the two types of stroke?

Answer 4

Ischemic and Haemorrhagic

Question 5

What % of strokes are Ischemic?

Answer 5

75%

Question 6

What % of strokes are haemorrhagic?

Answer 6

25%

Question 7

What are the 3 types of Ischemic stroke?

Answer 7

1. Thrombosis
2. Embolism
3. Lacunar

Question 8

What causes Thrombosis?

Answer 8

Cholesterol building up in the lumen

Question 9

What is ischemia?

Answer 9

It is a condition in which the blood flow (and thus oxygen) is restricted or reduced in a part of the body.

Question 10

True or false: Thrombosis is more common in large blood vessels?

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What is the ICA?

Answer 11

Internal Carotid Artery - an artery in the neck which supplies the anterior circulation of the brain.

Question 12

What is the MCA?

Answer 12

Middle Cerebral Artery - it is one of the three major paired arteries that supply blood to the cerebrum.

Question 13

What is a thrombosis stroke?

Answer 13

A stroke caused by a thrombus (blood clot) that develops in the arteries supplying blood to the brain

Question 14

What is a thrombus?

Answer 14

A blood clot

Question 15

What is an embolism stroke?

Answer 15

A stroke that occurs when a blood clot that forms elsewhere in the body breaks loose and travels to the brain via the bloodstream.

Question 16

What is a lacunar stroke?

Answer 16

A lacunar stroke occurs when one of the arteries that provide blood to the brain’s deep structures is blocked

Question 17

Where does an embolism commonly occur from?

Answer 17

Clots commonly occur from the heart vessels which can break off and travel or float to the blood vessels within the brain.

Question 18

What can cause a lacunar stroke?

Answer 18

High blood pressure

Question 19

What is an infarction?

Answer 19

Tissue death or necrosis due to inadequate blood supply to the affected area.

Question 20

What is unique about the arteries where a lacunar stroke occurs?

Answer 20

Unlike most arteries, which gradually taper to a smaller size, the small arteries of a lacunar stroke branch directly off of a large, high-pressure, heavily muscled main artery.

Question 21

Why can hypertension lead to a lacunar stroke?

Answer 21

High blood pressure can lead to lacunar strokes because it causes a pounding pulse, can directly damage these arteries and causes atherosclerosis.

Question 22

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 22

A condition in which fatty deposits (plaques) build up along the walls of blood vessels.

Question 23

How can atherosclerosis cause lacunar strokes?

Answer 23

Atherosclerosis can make a clot form inside of one of the small deep arteries, blocking blood flow.

Question 24

What is a TIA?

Answer 24

Transient Ischemic Attack

Question 25

What is the timeframe of symptoms of a TIA?

Answer 25

A few minutes to 24 hours

Question 26

True or false: TIA symptoms completely resolve after 24 hours?

Answer 26

False, symptoms resolve within the time frame of a few minutes to 24 hours.

Question 27

True or false: Most stroke patients have a TIA before a large stroke occurs?

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What is a Haemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 28

A haemorrhagic stroke occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures.

Question 29

What are the 4 types of haemorrhage causing stroke?

Answer 29

1. Extradural Haemorrhage 2. Subdural Haemorrhage 3. Subarachnoid Haemorrhage 4. Intracerebral Haemorrhage

Question 30

What is an extradural haemorrhage?

Answer 30

A collection of blood that forms between the inner surface of the skull and the outer layer of the dura

Question 31

What injuries are extradural haemorrhage commonly associated with?

Answer 31

Head trauma and skull fracture

Question 32

What is a subdural haemorrhage?

Answer 32

A collection of blood that occurs between the brain and its outermost protective layers (the meninges).

Question 33

What is the most common cause of subdural haemorrhage?

Answer 33

A fall or a direct blow to the head.

Question 34

What is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

Answer 34

A collection of blood that forms under one of the protective layers of the brain known as the arachnoid layer

Question 35

What commonly causes subarachnoid haemorrhage?

Answer 35

Aneurysm

Question 36

What is intracerebral haemorrhage?

Answer 36

Bleeding within the brain tissue itself

Question 37

How is age a risk factor of stroke?

Answer 37

- As we get older our arteries naturally become narrower and harder - Higher mortality and poorer quality of life than younger people post stroke

Question 38

True or false: Men are more likely to suffer a stroke and at a younger age.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

How is diabetes a risk factor for stroke?

Answer 39

Diabetes can cause pathological changes in blood vessels at various different locations in the body, increasing the risk of stroke

Question 40

True or false, stroke kills less women than breast cancer and less men than prostate cancer?

Answer 40

False. Stroke kills more women than breast cancer and more men than prostate cancer

Question 41

How many people globally will have a stroke?

Answer 41

1 in 4

Question 42

How many people are diagnosed with stroke in Australia per day?

Answer 42

100+

Question 43

What does FAST stand for

Answer 43

Face Arms Speech Time

Question 44

What does the F in FAST stand for?

Answer 44

Face: Check a person’s face to see if their mouth has dropped on one side.

Question 45

What does the A in FAST stand for?

Answer 45

Arms: Checking whether a person can move both of their arms or not

Question 46

What does the S in FAST stand for?

Answer 46

Speech: Check whether a person’s speech is slurred or whether they can understand what you are saying

Question 47

What does the T in FAST stand for?

Answer 47

Time: Time is critical in stroke as stroke treatments must be administered within a certain period of time

Question 48

How many brain cells are lost per minute during stroke?

Answer 48

Every minute someone is having a stroke, 1.9 million brain cells are lost.