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Clinical Medicine - OT > Week 5 - Respiratory System: Common diseases and conditions > Flashcards

Week 5 - Respiratory System: Common diseases and conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 most common contribution to the burden of respiratory disease?

A

Asthma - 29%

COPD - 43%

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2
Q

What risk factor is contributed to 75% of COPD cases?

A

Smoking

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3
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of chronic respiratory conditions

A

Restrictive conditions and obstructive conditions

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5
Q

What are restrictive respiratory conditions?

A

Conditions which limit full expansion of the lungs

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6
Q

What are examples of restrictive respiratory conditions?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, Pneumoconiosis and ALS, Asthma

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7
Q

What are obstructive respiratory conditions?

A

Conditions limiting the complete exhalation of air from the lungs

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8
Q

What are examples of obstructive respiratory conditions?

A

COPD, CF, Bronchiectasis, Asthma

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9
Q

True or false, Asthma can be both a restrictive and obstructive respiratory condition?

A

True

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10
Q

What 2 conditions is COPD usually made up of?

A

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

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11
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

A chronic, productive cough on most days of the week for at least 3 months in the year for at least 2 consecutive years

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12
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Abnormal, permanent dilation of the alveoli with destruction of the walls and no obvious fibrosis

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13
Q

What are bullae?

A

Pockets of trapped air seen in emphysema

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14
Q

True or false, in emphysema the bronchi become hard and stiff, leading to airflow limitation?

A

False. The bronchi become soft and floppy, leading to airflow limitation

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15
Q

What cases emphysema symptoms?

A

The alveoli become dilated with destruction of airway wall, resulting in a lack of elastic recoil. Bronchi become floppy and narrow.

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16
Q

What causes bronchitis symptoms?

A

Inflamed bronchi lead to increased mucous production, which then leads to smooth hyperplasia, inflammation and bronchial wall thickening, making the airways narrow and floppy.

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17
Q

What causes COPD?

A 
Smoking
Atmospheric pollution
Airway hyper-responsiveness
Infection
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Immunodeficiency syndromes
18
Q

What are the symptoms of COPD?`

A

Shortness of breath
Cough and clear sputum production “smoker’s cough”
Wheezing
Hyperinflation
Psychological impact - frustrated, anxious, depressed
Exacerbations due to infections
Stress incontinence from prolonged coughing

19
Q

How is COPD managed

A 
Thorough assessment
Lifestyle changes - Cessation of smoking
Medication
Pulmonary rehab - exercise, diet, education
Improve V/Q mismatch
O2 therapy
Treatment for heart failure
Surgery
20
Q

What is Asthma?

A

Widespread narrowing of the peripheral airways of the lung leading to variable dyspnoea. It is reversible either spontaneously or with treatment.

21
Q

True or false, asthma is one of the most common reasons for hospital admission in children?

A

True

22
Q

What does asthma pathophysiology involve?

A

Airway inflammation
Intermittent airflow limitation
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness

23
Q

What are the most common aggravating factors of Asthma?

A 
Allergens
Air pollutants
Respiratory infections
Exercise and hyperventilation
Weather changes
Sulphur dioxide
Food, additives, drugs
24
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A 
Shortness of breath
Wheeze
Chest tightness
Cough at night or during exercise 
Expiratory airflow limitation
25
Q

How is Asthma managed?

A 
Medications (preventers, relievers and symptom controllers)
Monitor asthma
Stay active and healthy
Avoid triggers
Have a written asthma action plan
Visit doctor regularly
26
Q

What is Cystic Fibrosis?

A

An inherited life-threatening disorder that damages the lungs and digestive system.

Cystic fibrosis affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices. It causes these fluids to become thick and sticky. They then plug up tubes, ducts and passageways.

27
Q

True or false, Cystic Fibrosis is an Autosomal dominant genetic disorder?

A

False, it is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, meaning both parents have to carry the gene for CF.

28
Q

What organs does CF affect?

A

Lungs, pancreas, reproductive organs, liver, nose.

29
Q

What does CF do to the cilia and composition of mucous?

A

CF leads to abnormal concentrations of Na and Cl in all exocrine glands, leading to changed composition of fluid layer of cilia and abnormal hydration of mucous

30
Q

How is CF diagnosed?

A

A heel prick blood test 3-5 days after birth.
Then genetic testing for CFTR
Finally a sweat chloride test.

In some cases, a faecal fat test, upper GI and small bowel series and measurement of pancreatic function will be required.

31
Q

What endocrine glands are affected by CF?

A 
Sinuses
Lungs
skin
liver
pancreas
intestines
reproductive organs
32
Q

How is CF managed?

A 
Antibiotics of infections
Pancreatic enzyme therapy
Vitamin supplements
Salt supplements
Inhaled bronchodilators
DNAse enzyme replacement therapy
Bisphosphonate therapy to maintain Bone Mineral Density
Chest physiotherapy and exercise
High protein, high calorie diet
Lung transplant in cases of end stage lung disease
33
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid.

34
Q

What are the most common types of pneumonia?

A

Aspiration
Community acquired
Nosocomial (hospital acquired)

35
Q

How is Pneumonia treated?

A

Antibiotics

36
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that damages the lungs or other parts of the body and can cause serious illness and death. It leads to caseating (cheese like) necrosis and granuloma formation, ending in fibrosis.

37
Q

What causes TB?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

38
Q

What parts of the body does TB affect apart from the respiratory system?

A

Heart, bone (vertebrae, hip, knee), LN, meninges, GIT

39
Q

What are the symptoms of TB?

A

Persistent cough
Haemoptysis (blood when coughing)
Unresolved pneumonia
Fever, malaise, weight loss

40
Q

How is TB treated?

A

Minimum 6 months of RIPE protocol

Clinical Medicine - OT (35 decks)

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