Week 5 - Respiratory System: Common diseases and conditions Flashcards
What are the 2 most common contribution to the burden of respiratory disease?
Asthma - 29%
COPD - 43%
What risk factor is contributed to 75% of COPD cases?
Smoking
What is COPD?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs
What are the 2 types of chronic respiratory conditions
Restrictive conditions and obstructive conditions
What are restrictive respiratory conditions?
Conditions which limit full expansion of the lungs
What are examples of restrictive respiratory conditions?
Pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, Pneumoconiosis and ALS, Asthma
What are obstructive respiratory conditions?
Conditions limiting the complete exhalation of air from the lungs
What are examples of obstructive respiratory conditions?
COPD, CF, Bronchiectasis, Asthma
True or false, Asthma can be both a restrictive and obstructive respiratory condition?
True
What 2 conditions is COPD usually made up of?
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
What is chronic bronchitis?
A chronic, productive cough on most days of the week for at least 3 months in the year for at least 2 consecutive years
What is emphysema?
Abnormal, permanent dilation of the alveoli with destruction of the walls and no obvious fibrosis
What are bullae?
Pockets of trapped air seen in emphysema
True or false, in emphysema the bronchi become hard and stiff, leading to airflow limitation?
False. The bronchi become soft and floppy, leading to airflow limitation
What cases emphysema symptoms?
The alveoli become dilated with destruction of airway wall, resulting in a lack of elastic recoil. Bronchi become floppy and narrow.
What causes bronchitis symptoms?
Inflamed bronchi lead to increased mucous production, which then leads to smooth hyperplasia, inflammation and bronchial wall thickening, making the airways narrow and floppy.
What causes COPD?
Smoking Atmospheric pollution Airway hyper-responsiveness Infection Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency Immunodeficiency syndromes
What are the symptoms of COPD?`
Shortness of breath
Cough and clear sputum production “smoker’s cough”
Wheezing
Hyperinflation
Psychological impact - frustrated, anxious, depressed
Exacerbations due to infections
Stress incontinence from prolonged coughing
How is COPD managed
Thorough assessment Lifestyle changes - Cessation of smoking Medication Pulmonary rehab - exercise, diet, education Improve V/Q mismatch O2 therapy Treatment for heart failure Surgery
What is Asthma?
Widespread narrowing of the peripheral airways of the lung leading to variable dyspnoea. It is reversible either spontaneously or with treatment.
True or false, asthma is one of the most common reasons for hospital admission in children?
True
What does asthma pathophysiology involve?
Airway inflammation
Intermittent airflow limitation
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
What are the most common aggravating factors of Asthma?
Allergens Air pollutants Respiratory infections Exercise and hyperventilation Weather changes Sulphur dioxide Food, additives, drugs
What are the symptoms of asthma?
Shortness of breath Wheeze Chest tightness Cough at night or during exercise Expiratory airflow limitation
How is Asthma managed?
Medications (preventers, relievers and symptom controllers) Monitor asthma Stay active and healthy Avoid triggers Have a written asthma action plan Visit doctor regularly
What is Cystic Fibrosis?
An inherited life-threatening disorder that damages the lungs and digestive system.
Cystic fibrosis affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices. It causes these fluids to become thick and sticky. They then plug up tubes, ducts and passageways.
True or false, Cystic Fibrosis is an Autosomal dominant genetic disorder?
False, it is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, meaning both parents have to carry the gene for CF.
What organs does CF affect?
Lungs, pancreas, reproductive organs, liver, nose.
What does CF do to the cilia and composition of mucous?
CF leads to abnormal concentrations of Na and Cl in all exocrine glands, leading to changed composition of fluid layer of cilia and abnormal hydration of mucous
How is CF diagnosed?
A heel prick blood test 3-5 days after birth.
Then genetic testing for CFTR
Finally a sweat chloride test.
In some cases, a faecal fat test, upper GI and small bowel series and measurement of pancreatic function will be required.
What endocrine glands are affected by CF?
Sinuses Lungs skin liver pancreas intestines reproductive organs
How is CF managed?
Antibiotics of infections Pancreatic enzyme therapy Vitamin supplements Salt supplements Inhaled bronchodilators DNAse enzyme replacement therapy Bisphosphonate therapy to maintain Bone Mineral Density Chest physiotherapy and exercise High protein, high calorie diet Lung transplant in cases of end stage lung disease
What is pneumonia?
Infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid.
What are the most common types of pneumonia?
Aspiration
Community acquired
Nosocomial (hospital acquired)
How is Pneumonia treated?
Antibiotics
What is tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that damages the lungs or other parts of the body and can cause serious illness and death. It leads to caseating (cheese like) necrosis and granuloma formation, ending in fibrosis.
What causes TB?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What parts of the body does TB affect apart from the respiratory system?
Heart, bone (vertebrae, hip, knee), LN, meninges, GIT
What are the symptoms of TB?
Persistent cough
Haemoptysis (blood when coughing)
Unresolved pneumonia
Fever, malaise, weight loss
How is TB treated?
Minimum 6 months of RIPE protocol
