Week 8 Flashcards
What about environment and personality?
Also genetics play.
Nature vs nurture
Parenting influence seems to be very small.
Personality change over time
Genetics vs family influence
Why are siblings so different?
Pictures
Koestner brother yard, 170 ibs Same SoCal intonTions pacing similar. Could pick us out in brother. Height 90% heritable Weight 80% Iq 67% Personality 50%
Richard vs Roland
Early temperament/ easy vs difficult
Richard was an angel
Roland a devil
Story: mom extrovert
Brother Roland two years old. Put Roland in play pen, vacuum into closet, suddenly door slams shut, brother had slammed the or shut on my mom, and went onto the balcony. Richie look at me. Babysitter locked in closet. Honey jam, written on walls.
Richard, play pens, liked to listen to the radio, back yard would play in either for hours. Richard scream woo woo, nervous breakdown, turtles were woo woos, never get him to go outside. Stay in bedroom looking out to see if they could see woo woo turtles
Koestner easier to socialize
Extraversion: Richard <Roland ( )
Equal in people, but Rolandd more dominant
Equal in openness
Richard more neurotic ( brother like Spock)
Rixhard more agreeable
Richard less conscientious (Roland push up regiment)
Internal locus of control Richard has less
Strong rela between what you choose to do and what happens to you, high is healthy and helpful thing
Low locus control, low correlation, leads to chaos and helplessness
Heritability quotient?
An estimate of the proportion of variability in a given characteristic that cN be attributed to genetic difference in ppl.
How much extraversion is do to genetic difference for example. Between people.
Methods
Natural methods, twin studies, adoption or combined, which is best.
Like twins raised apart.
But they must be the same gender! Fraternal. Dz
If genetic endowment is important
You would expect identical twins to be far more similar the fraternal twins, similarly biological more than adopted.
R is a symbol for correlation hehemz monozygotic
Dz dizygotic
Amazing similarities of identical twins who are raised apart
Jim twins
Aa zing how similar they are, raised completely different lives. Both volunteer firemen, found each other at thirty First wife Linda, second wife Betty Son James Allan Dog "toy" Drive Chevy, same beer, part time cops, Chain smoked same brand Vacation in fla
Big five traits eve dunce suggests it is also very similar. Won’t find extreme differences.
Film clip of women in thirties, who had twin
Studies show?
2066 will have to wait for results of study of those women but we know
If you look at identical twins, looks like it is all genetics, just look at sibling, looks like just environment.
Average .5 good strong for identical twins,
Half the size or less for dz twins. Non identails
Major studies on extraversion
Mz always higher than dz, usually twice asthe
Approx 50% heritability! phenotypic variation accounted for by genetic variables.
The other 50% is not environment, becUof measurement error, which is around 10-20% so that leaves only about 30% lt for environmental factors
There is a distinction between shared and non shared environmental factors.
Certain sphtings are shared, certain things are not between sibillings. Friends, schools, accident,
In order to identify whether shared or non shared more prevalent, use twin studies where thins raised togethor or apart,
Togehtor more similar than apart?
Swedish twin study:
Shows even if raised apart still highly similar, and if raised togethor, it budges very slightly,
Estimate is very small, 3-5% seems to come from shRed environment.
Will be similar to biological parent, but not adoptive parents in personlity.
Two surprises in these numbers of heritability of twins
Identical twins are even more than 2x high as dz in similarity
2. Biological siblings are less similar to each other than expected.
It seems the genetic variance is non additive, you need to have the same patterning to see a match, identical twin have almost 100% same genes, so that pattern will be the same! then the pattern so complex unlikely! that the same pattern will show up! genetic variance is NOT ADDITIVE
McAdams quote,
Only identacal twins, will you see such strong rela.
Is 50£% attributed to environment specifically parenting?
Non shared environment,
Influences that make family members unalike
Vs
Shared environment : like parenting
Ironically as McAdams states, most people do not believe these results. So tiny a part really? Contrary to what people think or want to think. Counsellong psychology, parenting provided a role, but this suggests had very small effect
Othe personlity variables? Genetic study
Locus of control
Pick one of the two
Being raised togehtor, there as a strong effect.
This seems to be shaped by the family environment and parenting.
Religiosity, strong family component, social caring, closeness.
There are other. Aspects, values shema, more influenced perhaps by parenting.
McAdams good example we can be different in life because of birth order
Categories of non shared family effects
Family constellation: age first born
Sibling mutual interactions, Koestner sister 4 yrs younger
Unequal parental treatment: perceived parents differently, do parents have a favorite? Yes they can and both can have different answer
Accidents: influences outside the family, Like Roland, father had tb, mom had him at 18. Father was in asylums, time Richard was born things all good.
Birth order
Only non shared factor easy to study, lot of research not too good though.
Video appeal, functional difference, blended families, when parents are separated. Assigned, boy as first, even after three girls.
Some common ideas
First 2 astronauts first born,
High iq,
Last horns, leave every one laughing.
Iq birth order, has an advantage of 3 points, 2nd 2 0985tns and so on washing out,
Problem with research though is size of family and correlates with SES who usually have smaller family, or spacing of kids.
First born more traditional, achieve successful profession, conservative, high achieving consciousness.
Middle born : find different niche, more agreeable maybe to get along.
Last blrn; most open to new ideas, rebellious, sense of humor. Openness
Control for in futur, for culture, gender, immigrant status,
Last born, parents older.
Sulloways sibling niche theory
Children in families compete for resources.
First: attempt to meet parents needs, conservative and consious ess.
Later Boris need alternative niche.
Results from meta analysis
N no dif.
E (split dominance and social kitty) first born higher dominance
O split intellectual rebellion) first higher in intellectual
A later born higher
C first born higher
Supports theories
Problem, relied on parents report, no children, could be biased by parents ideas.need to get each of siblings.
Results from better controlled study of birth order by mccrease
Found no differences
How much do our Big 5 Traits change from age 20 to age 40?
Why do our Big 5 traits change?
Koestner convinced he changed a lot between 18-26.
Has theory, accurate
