Week 10

Question 1

Attachment
Coding infants
adult rela.
Impact on later dev.

Answer 1

Connection with mom predicts attachment later,

Question 2

About romantic rela
Self report questionnaire
Hazen and Shaver (1987)

Answer 2

Scale, which one firsts you best.
Three types romantic rela.

Secure 60% (Jim Pam from office)
Insecure/Anxious/avoidant 25% (Sheldon Amy)
Insecure ambivalent 15% (leoandard penny)

Question 3

What we know when we know a personl

Answer 3

Level 1: big five traits
Level 2: personal concerns
Motives
●Personal Projects, Strivings, Goals
●Developmental Issues
  Attachment style, contextual, unprepared to big five traits. So ask pRents friends how they act, as rela may differ in big five traits than every day life. 
Level 3: indenting and life narrative
Predicts secure optimistic tone of life narrative. 
Insecure, more trouble tribulations

Question 4

The grand theory of John bowlby

Answer 4

Mammals are wired to become attached
Strong instinctual toward attachment, to protect young, keeps us alive.

Emotion regulation
Young Overwhelmed if no help from pRents to regulate.

Question 5

Attachment development

Answer 5

Normative:
Maintaining proximity: reflexes, suckle, grab.
Progression sophistication, no see hear, then show preference for mom dad, reciprocal things then come.
True across cultures, 99% have attachment.
When there is not, result of major developmental problem. Eg autism
Empathize vs systematize
Emp. Relating, focus on systematizing.
Behavioural training for asd. Never goes away fundamentally. Though

Question 6

Koestner picture of daughter and her best friend.

Demonstrate

Answer 6

Autistic child, you never see that.
Well you do see that with Allan.
Autism, biologically based. Highly genetic 90%. Males outnumber females. rare 4-6 out of 10,000 not sure of gene.

Question 7

Attachment pictures

Bigger heartier, big head of black hair.

Answer 7

Cruising, stage before walking.

Baby beyond, holding carriage carry. Better attachment in other cultures.

Question 8

Interaction between pRent and child when memory develops, lead to expectation of interaction.
Internal working model

Answer 8

Trust, secure base
Exploration

Insecure – distrust, anxiety, pessimism.

Seperation and stranger ranger, normal attachment behaviour. When you do not see that. Afraid of strangers, anxious if left. That means something has gone wrong. 12-18th months, can predict quite well. Design stru tried situation cope with strangers united with are ts.

Insecure, distrust,

Question 9

Assessing infant attachment

Answer 9

●Strange Situation for 12-18 mth old
●reaction to stranger & returning mom
●Secure – 65%
●Insecure
●Avoidant, 20% ok with mom leaving, 
●Anxious-Ambivalent ,15% not consoled when mother returns,

Same match adult attachment styles

Developed by Mary aims worth.

Another category,
D babies, for disorganized, unpredictable
Look scarred of moms

Question 10

Core symptoms of autism

Answer 10

●Deficits in social interaction
●do not initiate or respond to social contact as babies
●do not establish eye contact, odd use of gaze
●Impaired communication
●severe impairment of verbal and nonverbal comm.
●Restricted interests
●focus on small (non-social details of situation)
●stereotyped & repetitive play
●change of routine results in extreme agitation

Question 11

Where do the differences come from.

Answer 11

Mostly connected to the mother

●Consistent
●Sensitive
●Responsive
●Attentive
●Not Interfering or controlling.

●Key study by Ainsworth 1984:

●At 3 mths:
●Resp. to crying; though at 1yr should not respond right away.
●Affection w holding;
●Enter room;
●Feeding

Predict attachment, at 12 months, through mother interaction

Question 12

What developmental outcomes are associated with security of attachment

Answer 12

More full Exploration: ex. leading playhouse exploration and more full exploration.
Better Task mastery. Persist puzzle
Emotional adaptation
Social adaption

Works for older ages too.

Question 13

Describe hansel and shaver

Answer 13

40% parallel kids adults insecure

Question 14

The most complete study of attachment longitudinal study

Answer 14

Simpson 2007

Observe trajectory. Tricky as it looks different at different ages. 8or 9 not even friends, just being accepted

Diversity of sources of data.
Differ ts stages, 16 23,

Results:
There is a significant correlation, .2 small though. From age 1-23
More to the story,

Stronger related to next developmental atge.
.36 competent eft with peers, friendship at 16, .43 for romantic rela.

So being secure early on sets a precedent, much like identiy closure.

Most strong direct impact closest developmental time period.

Stability is queationnnable,

Question 15

Stability of Ttachment

Answer 15

Overtime. R =.3, not like ratios, more like motives
Across partners .4 so things can change
Depends on other person, how they feel about you. Ex. Lean odd penny, lot of partners, standards a not met, worries valid, depends on context.

Selecting mates? More likely you will find secure attached person if you are securely attached.
Parenting our own children? R =.3

Intervention, shows some success.

Question 16

The role of beliefs on ersonality and change

How do our implicit mind sets influence our adaptation and growth?

Answer 16

Hmm, like locus of control.
Level two of McAdams,

Assumptions of personality that we are I often aware of.
How much can you change, I’d say a bit,
Other beliefs things can change a lot, others think things are fixed. Different beliefs therefore.
Focus on shyness, neuroticism, abilities.

Question 17

How changeable shyness

Answer 17

Not shy ppl, say shyness is changeable. 90%
For shy people. 1/3 say it can, 2/3 think it is a fixed quality.
Effects development, situations you put yourself in, achievements.

Question 18

Background on Personality change.
Operant conditioning, behaviour therapy connection, and Sutherland American husband. But note sure it is natural says k. Narrow and specific. Also s_____

Answer 18

Shyness, Kagan work
Spousal conditioning.
Developmental trajectories of
Shy/Reactive Infants.
Shyness, Power Posing and
Free Trait Theory. Remember shyness decreases with age, but still have paychophysiology, but learn to mange how they behave. Suggest a lot of possibility for change.
Read in quiet, some ppl become shy, can change on both directions.

Social anxiety, power pose, cuddy.

Genetics of the Big Five
Stability and Change of the Big 
5 Traits
New Relationship,
Therapy
Developmental Change
Jamison on how to cope with 
anxiety produced by challenge.

Question 19

Can Personality Be ChangedThe Role of Beliefs in
Personality and Change.
Carol Dweck 2008
Focus on academic achievement, extended to personality. Breaking.
The Premise:

Answer 19

Contrary to big five, much of personality is flexible npand dynamic, over lifespan.
Big five most fixed and stable.
Other aspects much more variable, and even big five could change.
Core beliefs, construal sand reactions, consistent patterns of experience and reaction.

Mostly on COGNITION
Beliefs, most changeable. Figure it out, and confront them,

Question 20

Shyness ex. Raj and

Also, what is shyness

Answer 20

Lucy,
Raj mutism, learned drink alcohol, disinhibited.
Also shows social anxiety
Connect interpersonal social anxiety therapy.

Texting date, pretty clever.
Is it avoidance, safety behaviour or coping behaviour.
Move from avoidance, to safety to coping.

An affective-behavioral 
syndrome characterized by social 
anxiety and interpersonal inhibition that results from prospect of interpersonal 
evaluation.
Phobia conceptualization
Extinction
Disconfirming evidence

Heterogeneity of Shyness
Avoidance
Safety Coping

Fear, Anxiety and inhibition component. feel will always be graded. But do still want to be accepted. Cannot be free act spontaneous.

Social anxiety is when shyness interferes with everyday life. Romantic partner.
Thought of as a phobia, fear evaluation.
Stimulus afraid of, tend to avoid, leads to never reealizedo not have to be afraid. Drop anxiety reinforces behaviour.
But realize need to be willing to raise anxiety and ready to change.

Next school year for me.

Question 21

Lynn Alden, heterogeneity, 3 groups of shyness

Answer 21

Continuum

Extreme, avoid all social situations, won’t put themselves into situation in meeting with new people, and shy away form ppl they know if not comfortable situation.

Expose themselves, do it in a way very safe, go to party, stay on sidelines, serve things. Safety behaviour, asks questions only. Adaptive to some extent. Not that much better, anxiety still. Going up.

No longer avoiding, jumping in there and taking risks, not simply defending by safety behaviours. Texting ok.

Question 22

Ex. Safety behaviours

Answer 22

Cashier: never make eye contact! Safety behaviour.

Ideal date, not going to call her again, can only go down.

Worry hair, get haircut, talk to stylist. Anxious. Find stylists who could not speak English. Safety behaviour.

Question 23

Dweck video
Dealswithchildren ability beliefs
Key concepts

Answer 23

2 theories
Fixed
Grown/changed

Domains are independant.
Fixed, maladaptive.

Mindset book (implicit theory)

Learning vs performance goals

Mastery vs helpless pattern of response coping

Hard to stayin fixed theory, and to Concorde you are high in it. Mindset blossoms into tendencies and concerns.

Daughter math 6th grade.
What is you belief, college students,
Beliefs more changeable than traits.

Situations to struggle, or perform well.
Even if condient, fixed theory leads to safer situation, goal is to do well, you won’t care about learning. Stats
Growth mindset is the opposite. Drum circle

Coping: fixed theory and and confident well, struggle sound like they are neurotic.helpless negative self talk.
Growth theory, struggling, say boy this is interesting, more challenging than I though. Personality course. Natural turn of events, opportunity to struggle and face challenge.

Fixed,wnt to show off good.
Math ability is malleable, behaviour description use to show this I wonder.
Effects how you handle challenge stress obstacle difficulties.

Belifefs as malleable, not so much traits, and domain specific.

Malleable externalizer, more adaptive.

Question 24

Measuring implicit theory

Answer 24

Shoes that people are split half and half in university, using shyness, ex.

Question 25

Findings for Implicit Theories

Answer 25

n Approximate 50/50 split in endorsement;
n Domain specificity;
n Consistent motivational consequences on goals and coping.
n Theories can be altered by interventions

Question 26

Dweck studies

Answer 26

Can change beliefs,
Showed neuroplasticity.
Beliefs fixed or not, changes actual aBility over time. Shown growth potential

Question 27

Intellectual abilities relevant to social abilities in fixed beliefs.

Answer 27

Yes.
Shyness personality link 
Beliefs About Shyness: Beer 
2002 
n Measure implicit 
theory of shyness:

“My shyness is something 
about me that I cannot 
change very much”
“I can change aspects of 
my shyness if I want to”
n
n
n
Not WebStudy 1: Report on 
emotions, thoughts and 
behavior in hypothetical 
social interaction.
High shy ppl engage in more avoidance behaviours, theory has a big difference, incremental theory unfixed, engage in fewer avoidance behaviours. Eye contact, shifting away questions from self. 

Study 2: Report on an 
anticipated social 
interaction. 
No dif low shy.
Big dif, high shy, malleable do better. 

Study 3: Report on actual social interactions.
Same results as study one.

Nervousness, someone could not see it if you were shy.

Question 28

Avoidance Strategies:

Answer 28

“Try to avoid social situations.”
“Find a task to keep me occupied so I don’t have to socialize.”
“Avoid eye contact.”
“Smile so I look interested but don’t have to talk much myself.”“Try to shift attention on to the other person.”

Question 29

We see that shyness malleable so also applies to other traits.
How about other aspects like marriage.

Answer 29

Consequences of 
Social Anxiety
q Likelihood to marry low only 40%
n Safety Behaviors*
n
Everyday Examples
n Behavior experiments.
q Exposure
q Reduction of safety 
behaviors.

*Deliberate actions that anxious ppl
adopt to minimize negative outcomes;subtle & in duals can tell them to you.

You need them to do something differently!

Question 30

Alden’s conclusions

Answer 30

ICBT helps 90% of socially anxious pt’s
Key is not only exposure to feared situations but change from safety to coping behaviors.
People know what their safety behaviors are;
People overestimate the visibility of their anxiety.
“It doesn’t matter if you are anxious as long as you are
friendly.”
“It’s not how anxious you are but how friendly you are
that counts”

Question 31

Raj’s problem

Answer 31

Barriers, disagreeable really.

Stategie

Question 32

Four studies adolescence

Beliefs I am goo, self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 32

Mom warm and helicopter
Kids say parents narcissistic
Parents don’t know where adolescent goes at night.
Overindulgence, praising and