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HISTORY OF MEDICINE > WEEK 7 (Medicine in Ancient Rome) > Flashcards

WEEK 7 (Medicine in Ancient Rome) Flashcards

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1
Q

What was important regarding hygiene?

A
  • Roman baths were accessible to everyone
  • Clean drinking water
  • Spread awareness about the importance of general hygiene
  • Exercise & Diet (VERY IMPORTANT)
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2
Q

Where was Greek medicine established?

A

Rome by Ascelpiades

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3
Q

What did The Methodic School emphasise?

A

Identification of the disease first followed by treatment; it paid less attention to the individual patient

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4
Q

What was distinguishable about The Methodic School?

A
  • Knowledge in the disease itself is sufficient for treatment
    [“if you know what the disorder is, you already know the treatment”]
  • Sufficient to observe some general symptoms of illnesses
  • Did not believe in trials, research or experience
  • A Methodist’s knowledge is “firm and certain” and leaves no room for future revision
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5
Q

How were Dogmatic schools different from Methodic Schools?

A

They believed there were hidden causes behind symptoms

[Research + experience is needed]

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6
Q

What was distinguishable about The Empiric School?

A
  • Experience was a key factor
  • Remedies should be familiar, tried and tested
  • Not evidence-based medicine
  • Rejected that there were hidden causes behind disease
  • Knowledge is not “firm and certain” and leaves room for revision
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7
Q

What was distinguishable about The Dogmatic School?

A
  • Knowledge is not “firm and certain” and leaves room for revision
  • They believed that there were hidden causes behind symptoms
  • Highlighted traditions of Hippocrates e.g HUMORS
  • Developed GALEN (believed illnesses were caused by an imbalance in bodily fluids)
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8
Q

What was the major treatment in The Dogmatic School?

A

Rebalancing the humours to restore health

[which included changes in diet & exercise and herbal & mineral treatments]

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9
Q

What minor treatments occurred in The Dogmatic School?

A
  • Bleeding
  • Cupping
  • Cauterisation
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10
Q

What was important about Asclepiades?

A
  • Against Hippocratic humour theory
  • Believed disease was caused by mechanical disturbance of the movement of the atoms through the pores of body
  • Founder of The Methodic School -> students were also against Humour theory
  • Opposed blood-letting and purging & relied on diets and baths for treatment
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11
Q

Did everyone in Ancient Rome have access to drinking water?

A

YES

Because Ancient Rome were the first to develop aqua ducts

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12
Q

Who was Celsus?

A
  • One of the roman authors that wrote about the eye
  • Believed that eyes served to produce light
  • Introduced “COUCHING”
    (Introducing a sharp needle through the front of the eye and pressing against the lens, dislocating the lens allowing light to pass through the pupil)
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13
Q

What did Celsus believe?

A

If you formed a cataract in your eye then the light would not be able to shine out and therefore you would not be able to see

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14
Q

Who was the main god of medicine in Ancient Rome and Greece?

A

Asclepius

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15
Q

What did the Ancient Romans believe about gods in terms of medicine?

A
  • Believed that gods wished sickness upon those who lapsed in their worship and morality
  • Less significant than in Ancient Egypt or Greece
  • Offerings & Prayers were a routine part of many treatments
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16
Q

What other gods did the Ancient Romans have?

A
  • VEJOVIS = god of healing
  • FEBRIS = goddess protecting against malaria & other fevers
  • ENDOVELICUS = public health
  • CARNA = heart and inner organs
  • BONA DEA = goddess of women & fertility
17
Q

Who was Claudius Galen?

A
  • A physician who was elevated to godlike status
  • Developed The Dogmatic School of Medicine
  • Believed in Hippocrates’ Humour theory
  • Began his career as a physician to the gladiators in PERGAMUM
  • Ideas & teachings became laws of medicine for more than 1,300 years
18
Q

What were important achievements of Claudius Galen?

A
  • Considered that common sense, cognition and memory were functions of the brain
  • Distinguished sensory nerves from motor nerves
  • Established that urine was made in kidneys
  • Description of seven pairs of cranial nerves
  • Description of valves of the heart
  • Described between arteries and veins
19
Q

What was Surgery in Ancient Rome?

A
  • First to come up with mobile surgical units (for battlefield)
  • More developed than in Ancient Greece
  • Surgery was FAST but CAREFUL
  • Patients received Alcohol, opium and herbs for pain relief & Wound dressings of hot oils, herbal poultices and vinegar
20
Q

Describe the Surgical Tools in Ancient Rome?

A

Extensive sets of equipment

21
Q

What were the healthcare facilities like?

A
  • First dedicated hospitals were set up (reserved for government officials, merchants, soldiers & favoured slaves)
  • Set up mobile hospitals and medical rooms in forts
  • A physician’s role in provinces was of low status
  • Healthcare was made first for gladiators
22
Q

What was the name for healthcare facilities in Ancient Rome?

A

Valetudinaria

23
Q

What was dentistry like in Ancient Rome?

A
  • Dentistry was not a profession
  • Some Roman Surgeons specialised in treatments for the mouth and teeth
  • Gold bridges were fitted over existing teeth to hold additional ones (real/ivory)
24
Q

How could you become a physician?

A
  • Social class was very important
  • Formal training and licensing was introduced
  • No official qualifications
  • Almost anyone could practice
25
Q

Could women become doctors in Ancient Rome?

A

YES

They were even on equal footing as men

26
Q

Which theory made Galen famous?

A

Gaelic Pneumatic Theory

[he believed that the main organ in the body is the liver]

27
Q

Describe Galen’s Unquestionable Authority

A

Everyone believed what Galen believed and if anyone believed against then they would be outcasted

[it’s because his description of the body aligned with the Christian church so the church promoted it]

28
Q

What was the importance of Materia Medica?

A
  • Written by Dioscorides (Greek physician who served in the Roman Army)
  • Work remained in regular use from the time or writing until the 17th century

HISTORY OF MEDICINE (14 decks)

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