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HISTORY OF MEDICINE > WEEK 6 (Medicine in Ancient Greece) > Flashcards

WEEK 6 (Medicine in Ancient Greece) Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the importance of Theodor Zwinger?

A
  • 16th century Swiss physician & professor
  • First to examine the roots of early medicine and realise that ancient Greeks saw the limitations of healing prayers
  • Field of medicine became rooted in natural observation
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2
Q

What was successive about the Greek medicine era?

A
  • Disease no longer regarded as supernatural phenomenon
  • Disease approached from a rational, naturalistic and scientific point of view
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3
Q

What were the aspects of Greek culture that had a direct effect on healthcare?

A
  • Greek emphasis on exercise and a well-toned body
  • Their response to the geography of the area
  • Open-mindedness about all they saw
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4
Q

What exposed the ancient greeks to a wide variety of cultures and many new ideas?

A

The residents of the loosely bound city-states of Greece were skilled seamen who willingly travelled and traded with the Egyptians and throughout the Mediterranean

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5
Q

What caused the Open-mindedness of Ancient Greeks?

A
  • Openness to change was important
  • Democratic ideals of Greece set a tone for questioning and exploring new ideas
  • People of many professions were allowed to examine current practices and offer suggestions
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6
Q

Which books provide the earliest information about the practice of Greek medicine?

A

The Iliad and The Odyssey

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7
Q

What type of information did The Iliad and The Odyssey include?

A
  • Coping with epidemic disease and treating battle wounds
  • Insight into the state of medicine
  • Insight into the roles played by physicians, surgeons, priests and gods
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8
Q

What are some examples of practical treatments stated in Iliad & Odyssey?

A
  • Sucking the site of the wound to draw out poisons of “evil influence” then cleaning the area with warm water before applying medicines
  • Patients given sulphur, saffron oil, opium or just warm water/wine
  • After hands-on practical solutions, prayers & incantations used to supplement care
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9
Q

Ailing Greeks were sometimes sent to visit the Temple of what?

A

Temple of Apollo at Delphi

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10
Q

What would happen when a patient consulted Apollo’s famous oracle?

A

The oracle would go into a trance to receive the instructions for healing

[In 2001, Scientists discovered Ethylene gas (anaesthetic) may have been released through geological faults beneath where the temple once lay, so the oracle may actually have entered a trancelike state]

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11
Q

Who was Apollo?

A

god physician and god of prophecy

[he had the capability to send the epidemics & helped doctors find the cure]

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12
Q

Who was Asclepius?

A

The son of Apollo, a tribal chief and warrior. Asclepius was thought to have inherited his godlike ability to heal from Apollo.

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13
Q

What was the importance of Asclepius’ sons, Asclepiads?

A

They were physicians from whom all other physicians were said to descend from

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14
Q

What is the Caduceus?

A

Two snakes intertwined on a winged staff

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15
Q

Who was the Greek god that was the symbol of Medicine and associated with snakes?

A

Asclepius

[Shedding of snake skin depicts renewal of life and the snake was thought to have provided Asclepius with a precious healing herb]

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16
Q

Who were the daughters of Apollo?

A

Hygeia & Panacea

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17
Q

Was Humoral theory prevalent in Ancient Greece?

A

YES

[compared to ancient India though, in Ancient Greece it was 4 humours instead of 3]

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18
Q

Who was the creator of the Humoral theory?

A

Hippocratus

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19
Q

What was the Greek understanding of disease?

A
  • Disease derived from an inner imbalance and not from outside pathogens
  • The key to good health was to maintain a balance of the bodily fluids “the four humours”
  • Greek lifestyle valued exercise, good eating habits and cleanliness
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20
Q

What was the job of the physician?

A
  • Observe sickness
  • Attend the patient
  • Identify symptoms
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21
Q

What was included in diagnosis of a patient?

A
  • A process involving inspection and palpation and the smelling of various fluids to ascertain what was wrong
  • Early form of auscultation (listening to the body)
  • Succussion
22
Q

What is Succussion?

A

A process that involved shaking a patient and listening to the fluids within the body

23
Q

Was surgery used only as a last resort?

A

YES

24
Q

What happened when mild methods did not cause the desired results?

A

The Greeks considered medicinal drugs

25
Q

What is distinguishable about Early Greek Medicine?

A
  • Dietary solutions were often prescribed
  • The first cook was seen as the First physician since dietetica was a healing art linked to athletic training and to a well-regulated life
  • Greek methods favoured more gentle bodily adjustments though they still used vomiting, purging and bloodletting
26
Q

Which conclusions did the Ancient Greeks observe?

A
  • Rats and mice brought about illness
  • Prevention is better than cure
  • Connections between certain environmental elements and resulting illnesses
  • Marshes and malarial fevers
27
Q

How could you become a physician?

A
  • Physicians learned their craft through apprenticeship
  • A broad representation of social classes
  • Strictly MALE
28
Q

Some written materials of the time provided clinical descriptions of which diseases?

A
  • Diabetes
  • Tetanus
  • Diphtheria
  • Leprosy
29
Q

What was the difference between nurses and midwives?

A

Nurses were used to help care for the sick & Midwives were consulted on issues regarding pregnancy and birth

30
Q

What was Medicine in terms of payment?

A
  • Fee-based services
  • Physicians only wanted to accept patients who would recover so that they would acquire more patients because of a good success rate
31
Q

Where were people treated?

A

The Greeks did not have hospitals so patients were either treated at their own homes, at the home of a physician or at a shrine of Asclepius

32
Q

Who were the poor likely treated by?

A

Servants of the doctor

33
Q

Was it shameful to work for free?

A

YES

34
Q

What were Aristotle’s achievements in medicine?

A
  • One of the first Greeks who believed in the importance of understanding the anatomy
  • Animal dissections for better understanding of zoological and biological matters
  • Studies permitted him to observe the heart -> laid groundwork for William Harvey who developed the first complete & correct theory of the circulation of the blood
35
Q

What is the importance of the Alexandrian School and its effect on medicine?

A
  • Ongoing studies at the Alexandrian Library gave rise to changes in the way doctors practiced medicine
  • Developed an empirical method of practicing medicine (physicians worked from observation & experience)
  • Three fundamental steps part of this process were codified: ANAMNESIS, AUTOPSY & DIAGNOSIS
36
Q

Why were the patient’s outcomes often not successful in the Alexandrian School?

A

It lacked true scientific understanding of disease

37
Q

How did the Alexandrian physicians benefit from Egyptian influence?

A

The ban on dissection was lifted

38
Q

What was the difference between the Egyptians and Scientists in Alexandria in terms of dissection?

A

EGYPTIANS = did not study the body as they cut and embalmed

ALEXANDRIANS = viewed systematic dissection for the essential information provided

39
Q

Who is the ‘Father of western medicine’?

A

Hippocrates of Cos

40
Q

What did Hippocrates do?

A
  • He improved the practice of medicine by diverting it from supernatural causes
  • Highlighted observation before intervention
    (revolved around the four “humours”)
  • Originated the disciplines of ethology and pathology
41
Q

Hippocrates was the first physician to what?

A

To systematically classify diseases based on points of similarity and contrast between them

42
Q

Hippocrates collected data and conducted experiments to show that disease was a ___________ process

A

natural

43
Q

What were the three substances that Hippocrates claimed was inside the human body?

A
  • Blood
  • Mucus
  • Yellow/Black bile
44
Q

How does the human health depend on the balance of the substances?

A

Balance of substances = healthy man
Unbalance of substances = mentally and physically ill man

45
Q

What did the Hippocratic Corpus recommend as treatment?

A

A healthy diet & physical exercise as a remedy for most ailments -> If not reduce sickness, medication was recommended (plants were processed for their medicinal elements)

46
Q

How many books make up the Hippocratic Corpus?

A

60 books

47
Q

What does the Hippocratic Corpus contain?

A
  • How joints can be repositioned
  • Importance of keeping records of case histories and treatments
  • Relationship between the weather and some illnesses
48
Q

Did any of the 62 books of Erasistratus survive?

A

NO

49
Q

Who was Erasistratus?

A
  • A great anatomist
  • Noted existence of separate sensory and motor nerves
  • Gave details on the anatomy of the brain and cerebellum, the heart, veins and arteries
  • Weighed the intake and excrement of food
  • First observations in pathological anatomy - Hardening of the liver in ascites
50
Q

What was Pneumatism?

A
  • The last Greek school of medicine
  • Strongly influenced by the STOIC PHILOSOPHY
  • Disease theory based on the vagaries of the pneuma
  • Pneumatism developed into Eclecticism
51
Q

Who was one of the outstanding members of the Pneumatic school?

A

Archigenes

HISTORY OF MEDICINE (14 decks)

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