WEEK 11 (17th century) Flashcards
When was the discovery of the circulation of blood?
17th century
The first suggestion of the existence of the pulmonary circulation was found in __________________
Ibn an Nafis
In the west, the first hint was given in a book written by Spanish physician _______________
Michael Servetus
Who was William Harvey?
- Credited for establishing the fact of the circulation of the blood
- Proved circulation with morphological, mathematical and experimental arguments from dissection of animals
- Concerned only with mechanical process of circulation
- No Gaelic theory of “spirits”
_______________ showed that in order to move from right to left side of heart all blood had to pass through the lungs
William Harvey
What was the first proof of the circulatory system?
- Structure of valves of the heart
- Structure of great vessels
- Absence of pores in septum
- Location of vessels which short-circuit the lung in foetal circulation
What was the second proof of the circulatory system?
- Mathematical and quantitative in nature
- Measured the mass of blood that passed through the heart in a given time
- Showed that the blood mass could be kept constant only in a system of circulation
Describe how experimentation with snakes proved Harvey’s hypothesis of the one-way bloodstream
Ligation of the vena cava left the heart EMPTY whilst ligation of the aorta ACCUMULATED BLOOD IN THE HEART -> confirmed Harvey’s hypothesis of the one-way direction of the bloodstream
Where was there a gap in Harvey’s arguments?
Without the use of the microscope he was unable to show how blood circulated from the arteries into the veins
Who discovered capillaries?
Malpighi
Who wrote De Generatione Animalium published in 1651?
William Harvey
___________ opposed the theory of Preformation but favoured epigenesis
Harvey
What changes did Harvey’s discovery bring?
- The possibility of injecting medications intravenously
- The possibility of transfusing blood
Intravenous injections started in the 17th century, did not get taken up again until the 19th century but did not become safe until the _______ century
20th
Who was Robert Boyle?
- English chemist who founded the English Royal Society
- Animal life is not dependent on air but on a specific component of air (oxygen)
Who was Robert Hooke?
- Founder of the English Royal Society
- Showed experimental that mechanical movement of the thorax was not the essential element in respiration
- Demonstrated that life could be maintained in an animal even after removal of the thorax wall -> Blowing air through the trachea into lungs
Who was Richard Lower?
- Founder of English Royal Society
- Pioneered transfusion
- Connected difference in colour between venous and arterial blood with respiration
- Colour change took place in the lungs
Who was Jean-Baptise van Helmont?
- Pioneer of digestion physiology
- Admired Paracelsus
- Identified Hcl in stomach
- Discovered CO2 and invented the term “gas”
- Eliminated the age-old belief that mucus in head cold is secreted by the brain
Who was Regner de Graaf?
- Pioneer of digestion physiology
- A pupil of Sylvius
- Experimented on the pancreas and gallbladder of dogs
Who was Santorio Santorio?
- The first controlled studies of the metabolic process in humans
- A balanced scale system big enough for him to sit in and over a 30-year-period he studied himself carefully
- Found no scientific value
Who is Marcelo Malphigi?
- Discovered capillaries
- First microscopic analysis of the structures of the lung, spleen, kidney, liver and the skin
- Discovered sensory papillae and taste buds
Who is the Father of Microbiology?
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
[Provided the first descriptions of bacteria, protozoa, of the striped muscle and of the spermatozoon]
Who gave the name “cell” to formations observed in plants?
Robert Hooke
What did Edward Tyson study?
A chimpanzee
What did Claude Perrault die from?
An infected wound acquired from dissecting a camel
Who was Thomas Sydenham?
- Originally a captain in Cromwell’s army, joined medicine at 39
- Maintained the theory of “coction”
- Observed and classified diseases as if they were plants (Unlike Hippocrates who observed sick people not diseases)
What were Thomas Sydenham’s achievements?
- Theories of the start of epidemic diseases
- Famous for his studies of malarial fevers, dysentery, measles, scarlet fever and cholera minor
- Worked with gout
- Based his treatment on experience and classified disease with a strict method of treatment
- Adopted Quinine (a powder for treatment)
What did Quinine do?
- Cured malaria
- Separated malaria from other fevers
- Cured without producing the “evacuations” exclaimed by Galenists and humeral pathologists
What was Baglivi famous for?
Contributions to the pathology of typhoid which he called mesenteric fever
What was Thomas Willis famous for?
Circle of Willis
What was Francis Glisson famous for?
An excellent description of Rickets
What was Richard Morton famous for?
- Two great books of pulmonary tuberculosis and malaria
- The first to differentiate malarial fevers from other fevers through the use of Quinine
Was there any noticeable progress in surgery in the 17th Century?
NO
Describe Obstetrics in the 17th century
- Became more and more part of the domain of the male doctor
- Increasingly scientific development of the obstetrical art
Describe universities in the 17th century
- Remained practically sterile and medieval
- Practically all the great discoveries were sponsored not by universities but by societies of different sorts
Were superstitions still present in 17th century medicine?
YES
Describe Medicine in Europe in the 17th century
- Italy was leading in Medicine and Science
- France was stagnant
- Holland and England were great powers
- Germany was unproductive
- Switzerland produced an unusual number of outstanding medical men
