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HISTORY OF MEDICINE > WEEK 11 (17th century) > Flashcards

WEEK 11 (17th century) Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the discovery of the circulation of blood?

A

17th century

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2
Q

The first suggestion of the existence of the pulmonary circulation was found in __________________

A

Ibn an Nafis

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3
Q

In the west, the first hint was given in a book written by Spanish physician _______________

A

Michael Servetus

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4
Q

Who was William Harvey?

A
  • Credited for establishing the fact of the circulation of the blood
  • Proved circulation with morphological, mathematical and experimental arguments from dissection of animals
  • Concerned only with mechanical process of circulation
  • No Gaelic theory of “spirits”
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5
Q

_______________ showed that in order to move from right to left side of heart all blood had to pass through the lungs

A

William Harvey

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6
Q

What was the first proof of the circulatory system?

A
  • Structure of valves of the heart
  • Structure of great vessels
  • Absence of pores in septum
  • Location of vessels which short-circuit the lung in foetal circulation
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7
Q

What was the second proof of the circulatory system?

A
  • Mathematical and quantitative in nature
  • Measured the mass of blood that passed through the heart in a given time
  • Showed that the blood mass could be kept constant only in a system of circulation
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8
Q

Describe how experimentation with snakes proved Harvey’s hypothesis of the one-way bloodstream

A

Ligation of the vena cava left the heart EMPTY whilst ligation of the aorta ACCUMULATED BLOOD IN THE HEART -> confirmed Harvey’s hypothesis of the one-way direction of the bloodstream

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9
Q

Where was there a gap in Harvey’s arguments?

A

Without the use of the microscope he was unable to show how blood circulated from the arteries into the veins

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10
Q

Who discovered capillaries?

A

Malpighi

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11
Q

Who wrote De Generatione Animalium published in 1651?

A

William Harvey

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12
Q

___________ opposed the theory of Preformation but favoured epigenesis

A

Harvey

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13
Q

What changes did Harvey’s discovery bring?

A
  • The possibility of injecting medications intravenously
  • The possibility of transfusing blood
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14
Q

Intravenous injections started in the 17th century, did not get taken up again until the 19th century but did not become safe until the _______ century

A

20th

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15
Q

Who was Robert Boyle?

A
  • English chemist who founded the English Royal Society
  • Animal life is not dependent on air but on a specific component of air (oxygen)
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16
Q

Who was Robert Hooke?

A
  • Founder of the English Royal Society
  • Showed experimental that mechanical movement of the thorax was not the essential element in respiration
  • Demonstrated that life could be maintained in an animal even after removal of the thorax wall -> Blowing air through the trachea into lungs
17
Q

Who was Richard Lower?

A
  • Founder of English Royal Society
  • Pioneered transfusion
  • Connected difference in colour between venous and arterial blood with respiration
  • Colour change took place in the lungs
18
Q

Who was Jean-Baptise van Helmont?

A
  • Pioneer of digestion physiology
  • Admired Paracelsus
  • Identified Hcl in stomach
  • Discovered CO2 and invented the term “gas”
  • Eliminated the age-old belief that mucus in head cold is secreted by the brain
19
Q

Who was Regner de Graaf?

A
  • Pioneer of digestion physiology
  • A pupil of Sylvius
  • Experimented on the pancreas and gallbladder of dogs
20
Q

Who was Santorio Santorio?

A
  • The first controlled studies of the metabolic process in humans
  • A balanced scale system big enough for him to sit in and over a 30-year-period he studied himself carefully
  • Found no scientific value
21
Q

Who is Marcelo Malphigi?

A
  • Discovered capillaries
  • First microscopic analysis of the structures of the lung, spleen, kidney, liver and the skin
  • Discovered sensory papillae and taste buds
22
Q

Who is the Father of Microbiology?

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

[Provided the first descriptions of bacteria, protozoa, of the striped muscle and of the spermatozoon]

23
Q

Who gave the name “cell” to formations observed in plants?

A

Robert Hooke

24
Q

What did Edward Tyson study?

A

A chimpanzee

25
Q

What did Claude Perrault die from?

A

An infected wound acquired from dissecting a camel

26
Q

Who was Thomas Sydenham?

A
  • Originally a captain in Cromwell’s army, joined medicine at 39
  • Maintained the theory of “coction”
  • Observed and classified diseases as if they were plants (Unlike Hippocrates who observed sick people not diseases)
27
Q

What were Thomas Sydenham’s achievements?

A
  • Theories of the start of epidemic diseases
  • Famous for his studies of malarial fevers, dysentery, measles, scarlet fever and cholera minor
  • Worked with gout
  • Based his treatment on experience and classified disease with a strict method of treatment
  • Adopted Quinine (a powder for treatment)
28
Q

What did Quinine do?

A
  • Cured malaria
  • Separated malaria from other fevers
  • Cured without producing the “evacuations” exclaimed by Galenists and humeral pathologists
29
Q

What was Baglivi famous for?

A

Contributions to the pathology of typhoid which he called mesenteric fever

30
Q

What was Thomas Willis famous for?

A

Circle of Willis

31
Q

What was Francis Glisson famous for?

A

An excellent description of Rickets

32
Q

What was Richard Morton famous for?

A
  • Two great books of pulmonary tuberculosis and malaria
  • The first to differentiate malarial fevers from other fevers through the use of Quinine
33
Q

Was there any noticeable progress in surgery in the 17th Century?

A

NO

34
Q

Describe Obstetrics in the 17th century

A
  • Became more and more part of the domain of the male doctor
  • Increasingly scientific development of the obstetrical art
35
Q

Describe universities in the 17th century

A
  • Remained practically sterile and medieval
  • Practically all the great discoveries were sponsored not by universities but by societies of different sorts
36
Q

Were superstitions still present in 17th century medicine?

A

YES

37
Q

Describe Medicine in Europe in the 17th century

A
  • Italy was leading in Medicine and Science
  • France was stagnant
  • Holland and England were great powers
  • Germany was unproductive
  • Switzerland produced an unusual number of outstanding medical men

HISTORY OF MEDICINE (14 decks)

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