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PHARMACOLOGY > WEEK 7 > Flashcards

WEEK 7 Flashcards

1
Q

A very important structure of the CNS is its protective mechanisms that not all chemicals can pass through it, this affects the pharmacodynamics of drugs because some of them cannot penetrate the CNS.

A

Brain & Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Electrical transmission of
impulses happen by_______ and____________ make use of neurotransmitters to achieve its functions

A

action potential

chemical processes

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3
Q

Synapses made by the peripheral nervous system conduct impulses that are chemical in nature.

A

Autonomic Nervous System & Somatic Nervous System

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4
Q

conduct impulses by Action Potential

A

Neurons

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5
Q

movement of sodium into the cells causing

A

depolarization

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6
Q

potassium out of the cells to cause

A

repolarization

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7
Q

feeling of tension, nervousness, apprehension or fear that usually involves unpleasant reactions to a stimulus, whether actual or unknown

A

Anxiety

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8
Q

Anxiety is classified as

A

mild, moderate, severe and panic

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9
Q

severe sedation.

A

Hypnosis

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10
Q

loss of awareness and reaction to environmental stimuli

A

Sedation

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11
Q

GABA

A

Gamma
Amino Butyric Acid

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12
Q

an inhibitory neurotransmitter to decrease impulses in the synapses of the brain, therefore decreasing conduction of rapid impulses causing symptoms of anxiety.

A

Gamma
Amino Butyric Acid

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13
Q

drug action is to enhance GABA

effect. This is used to be the drug of choice to manage anxiety but its depressant effect may cause severe respiratory depression that this is not primarily used for anxiety today

A

Barbiturates

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14
Q

drug action is to enhance GABA effect to cause inhibition of impulse transmission.

A

Benzodiazepines

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15
Q

For overdose of Benzodiazepine

A

Flumazenil

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16
Q

affective disorder is recognized by its clinical manifestations such as sleep disturbances, they have little energy, inability to perform daily activity. They may describe overwhelming feelings of sadness, despair, hopelessness and disorganization.

A

Depression

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17
Q

This theory explains that depression occurs due to decreasing neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine.

A

Biogenic Amine Theory.

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18
Q

inhibit
presynaptic reuptake of neurotransmitter, norepinephrine and serotonin, which leads to accumulation of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft and increased stimulation of postsynaptic receptors.

A

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA)

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19
Q

CASH

A

C – Cardiovascular effects
A – Anticholinergic effects
S – Sedation
H – Hypotension or Hypertension

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20
Q

These drugs inactivate the enzyme MAO
to increase the neurotransmitters in the
synapses.

A

MonoAmine Oxidase Inhibitors

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21
Q

rich food which normally broken down by MAO enzymes in the GIT maybe absorbed in high concentration in the presence of MAOI and may cause hypertensive crises.

A

Tyramine

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22
Q

these drugs specifically block the reuptake of serotonin with little or no effect on Norepinephrine. SSRIs do not have the many adverse effects of TCAs and MAOIs

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)

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23
Q

Have_______ or another________ for hypertensive crisis

A

phentolamine

adrenergic blocker

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24
Q

is the most common type of psychotic disorder. This prevents an individual from functioning in society. Some clinical manifestations include, hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, speech abnormalities and affective problems.

A

Schizophrenia

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25
Q

is associated with Bipolar illness.

is characterized by periods of extreme overactivity and excitement

A

Mania

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26
Q

Drugs for mental disorders

A

Psychotherapeutic drugs

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27
Q

Drugs for Schizophrenia

A

Antipsychotic Drugs

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28
Q

drugs for Mania

A

Anti Manic Drugs.

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29
Q

block
Dopamine receptors in the limbic system, in the reticular activating system and the brain. This group of antipsychotic may block all dopamine receptors including those not associated with psychoses

A

Typical Antipsychotic drugs

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30
Q

block Dopamine and Serotonin receptors. This group will lock only the receptors of Dopamine and Serotonin which are responsible for occurrence of psychosis

A

Atypical Antipsychotic drugs

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31
Q

ASHE

A

■ A – Anti cholinergic effect
■ S – Sedation
■ H – Hypotension
■ E – Extra pyramidal Symptoms

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32
Q

alters sodium transport in the nerve and muscle, inhibits the release of norepinephrine and dopamine slightly and decreases intraneuronal content of second messengers.

A

Lithium

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33
Q

CNS problems including lethargy, slurred speech, muscle weakness, fine tremor; polyuria, beginning gastric toxicity

A

Serum level less than 1.5 mmol/L

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34
Q

Intensification of the above plus ECG changes

A

Serum level 1.5 – 2 mmol/L

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35
Q

LProgression of CNS symptoms to ataxia, hyperreflexia and seizure, hypotension

A

Serum levels of 2.0 – 2.5 mmol/L

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36
Q

complex multi organ toxicity and death

A

Serum levels more than 2.5 mmol/L

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37
Q

Toxicity associated with serum level of Lithium. ( Therapeutic level

A

0.6 – 1.2

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38
Q

is a collection of different syndromes characterized by abnormal and excessive impulse transmission in the brain

A

Seizure

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39
Q

disorder has no known cause; this is often called Epilepsy.

A

Primary seizure

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40
Q

may be caused by Cerebrovascular accident, Infections, Brain Tumor, Traumatic Brain Injury, Fever and a lot more conditions that may alter impulse transmission in the brain.

A

Secondary Seizure

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41
Q

is seizure manifesting motor symptoms like tonic clonic seizure.

A

Convulsion

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42
Q

begins in one area of the brain and rapidly spreads to both hemispheres of the brain.

A

Generalized seizure

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43
Q

Tonic – Clonic Seizure formerly known as

A

Grand Mal Seizure

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44
Q

involve one area of the brain and do not spread throughout the entire organ.

A

Partial seizures or focal seizures

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45
Q

inhibit sodium influx or
depolarization along the nerve fiber.

A

Hydantoins

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46
Q

is not used for long term treatment of seizures.

A

Diazepam

47
Q

is good for treatment of Petit Mal Seizure and Myoclonic Seizure

A

Clonazepam

48
Q

enhanced effect of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

A

Succinimides

49
Q

reduces electrical activity by suppressing calcium influx and enhancing GABA effects the drug of choice for treating myoclonic seizure

A

Valproate or Valproic Acid

50
Q

is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. There is no known cause. This is common among elderly 60 years old and above. The disease is characterized by degeneration of the substantia nigra in the midbrain. A dopamine secreting neurons in the brain. Therefore there is a tremendous decrease of dopamine in the brain especially affecting the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia is responsible for coordinating fine motor movement of the body.

A

Parkinson’s Disease

51
Q

In Parkinson’s disease an imbalance of neurotransmitters, ______________and ______________results to clinical manifestations causing incoordination for unconscious muscle movements including those that control position, posture and movement

A

decreased dopamine

increased acetylcholine

52
Q

increase the effect
of Dopamine at the receptor sites by increasing the levels of dopamine in the substantia nigra or directly stimulating the receptors

A

Dopaminergic drug

53
Q

a precursor of Dopamine. Once it enters the BBB, it becomes dopamine and will replace the loss of dopamine

A

Levodopa

54
Q

levodopa can be destroyed by and enzyme called

A

dopa decarboxylase

55
Q

This drug cannot increase the level of dopamine in the brain but it inhibits the enzyme, dopa decarboxylase, therefore allowing more levodopa to pass the BBB.

A

Carbidopa

56
Q

drug that can increase the release of dopamine. This drug can be effective as long as there is a possibility of more dopamine release.

A

Amantadine

57
Q

acts as a direct dopamine agonist on dopamine receptor sites in the substantia nigra.

A

Bromocriptine

58
Q

oppose the effects of acetylcholine at receptor sites in the substantia nigra.

A

Anticholinergic drugs

59
Q

The division of the peripheral nervous system that supply involuntary muscles, glands and other effectors not innervated by the somatic nervous system.

A

Autonomic nervous system

60
Q

cranio – sacral outflow

A

Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

61
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

A

“REST AND DIGEST”

62
Q

In the PNS, the neurotransmitter is

A

Acetylcholine

63
Q

There are 2 types of cholinergic receptors

A

Nicotinic Receptors ○ Muscarinic receptors

64
Q

thoraco- lumbar outflow

A

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

65
Q

preganglionic neuron of the SNS

A

shorter

66
Q

post ganglionic neuron

A

longer

67
Q

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

A

“FIGHT OR FLIGHT”

68
Q

two neurotransmitters in the SNS

A

Acetylcholine and Epinephrine and Norepinephrine ( Catecholamines )

69
Q

Actylcholine is released by the

A
70
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine are the neurotransmitters released by the

A

post ganglionic neurons

71
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine may also be called

A

Adrenalin and Noradrenaline

72
Q

There are 2 types of adrenergic receptors

A

○ Alpha receptors
○ Beta receptors

73
Q

Drugs affecting the PNS are called

A

Cholinergic Drugs

74
Q

Drugs affecting the SNS are called

A

Adrenergic Drugs

75
Q

directly stimulates the cholinergic receptors to increase its effects

A

Direct acting cholinergic agonist

76
Q

indicated for non – obstructive urinary retention like in neurogenic bladder

A

Bethanechol

77
Q

indicated for glaucoma, causing pupillary constriction

A

Carbachol

78
Q

indicated for glaucoma, causing pupillary constriction

A

Pilocarpine

79
Q

– this drug increases acetylcholine effect by inhibiting the action of acetylcholinesterase (an enzyme that removes acetylcholine in the synapse. If acetylcholinesterase is not removed in the synaptic cleft, more acetylcholine stays in the synapse stimulating more receptors, thus enhancing their effects. These drugs are used for treatment of Myasthenia gravis and Alzheimer’s disease’

A

Indirect acting cholinergic agonist

80
Q

is an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). This is characterized by destruction of cholinergic receptors at the NMJ that will slow down impulses going to the skeletal muscles. This disease is characterized by the development of muscle weakness and paralysis

A

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

81
Q

To increase junctional transmission, an indirect acting cholinergic agonist inhibits acetylcholinesterase making more acetylcholine present in the junction to improve impulse transmission and muscle function.

A

anticholinesterase drugs.

82
Q

short acting anticholinesterase drug used to diagnose the disease. The action lasts for 10 to 20 minutes.

A

Edrophonium HCL (Tensilon)

83
Q

long acting anticholinesterase drugs used for therapeutic purposes. The onset of action starts 20 to 30 minutes and may last for 3 – 6 hours.

A

Neostigmine, Physostigmine, Pyridostigmine

84
Q

is a degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by loss of neurons in the CNS which may slow down impulse transmission across the synapses of the CNS. One important cause of this is explained by loss of acetylcholine receptors in the postsynaptic neurons, like myasthenia gravis, less receptors mean lesser impulse transmission

A

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

85
Q

Cholinergic antagonist is also being referred to as an

A

anticholinergic drug or parasympatholytic.

86
Q

indicated to decrease
secretions, treat bradycardia, pylorospasm, ureteral colic, cause pupil dilation (mydriasis) indicated as preop drug for cataract extraction. Use as antidote for cholinergic crisis

A

Atropine

87
Q

use for hyperactive bowel in adults

A

Dicyclomine

88
Q

use in motion sickness, indicated to decrease secretion, pupil dilation

A

Scopolamine

89
Q

Vascular smooth muscles, iris, visceral smooth muscles like the urinary bladder and iris

A

Alpha 1 receptors

90
Q

CNS neurons, pancreatic islets

A

Alpha 2 receptors

91
Q

Myocardium, Kidneys, CNS neurons

A

Beta 1 receptors

92
Q

Visceral smooth muscles like in the lungs, some vascular smooth muscles, CNS neurons

A

Beta 2 receptors

93
Q

these drugs stimulate all adrenergic receptors to enhance their effects

A

Alpha and Beta adrenergic drugs ( Sympathomimetic drugs )

94
Q

the drug of choice
during CPR, indicated for
treatment of shock

A

Epinephrine

95
Q

used for treatment
of congestive heart failure

A

Dobutamine

96
Q

usually given for
congestive heart failure and cardiogenic shock

A

Dopamine

97
Q

like epinephrine, may be indicated for
cardiac arrest

A

Norepinephrine

98
Q

these drugs specifically stimulate only the alpha receptors and not the beta receptors

A

Alpha specific adrenergic agonist

99
Q

used for treatment of common colds and allergy. This drug causes vasoconstriction to lessen congestion in the nose therefore called decongestants

A

Phenylephrine

100
Q

better known for its brand name as Catapres acting on the CNS neurons to decrease norepinephrine flow. This drug is indicated for treatment of hypertension

A

Clonidine

101
Q

these drugs specifically stimulate the beta receptors and not the alpha receptors.

A

Beta specific adrenergic agonist

102
Q

for treatment of cardiogenic shock and heart block in transplanted hearts.

A

Isoproterenol

103
Q

for treatment of
obstructive respiratory disease like COPD and bronchial asthma

A

Salbutamol

104
Q

these drugs block all adrenergic receptors

A

Alpha and Beta adrenergic antagonist

105
Q

these drugs block only the alpha receptors, specific drugs act on the alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptors.

A

Alpha adrenergic antagonist

106
Q

more specific
drug hypertension in pheochromocytoma, that will have less adverse effects

A

Phentolamine

107
Q

these drugs block only the alpha receptors, specific drugs act on the alpha receptors on the blood vessels and urinary bladder to cause vasodilation for treatment of hypertension and bladder emptying for treatment of urinary retention. Although some drugs may act in both blood vessels and urinary bladder at the same time

A

Alpha 1 selective adrenergic antagonist

108
Q

these drugs block only the alpha receptors, specific drugs act on the alpha receptors on the blood vessels and urinary bladder to cause vasodilation for treatment of hypertension and bladder emptying for treatment of urinary retention. Although some drugs may act in both blood vessels and urinary bladder at the same time

A

Alpha 1 selective adrenergic antagonist

109
Q

these drugs block
both beta 1 and beta 2 receptors, particularly affecting both the heart and the lungs, these drugs increase heart rate and bronchoconstriction of the lungs

A

Beta adrenergic antagonists

110
Q

These drugs are known teratogenic in animals as

A

Beta 1 specific adrenergic antagonist

111
Q

this is a rapid change in the membrane potential that explains how impulses are conducted along the nerves

A

Action Potential

112
Q

control of signs and symptoms of the disease

A

Palliative Treatment

113
Q

conduction of impulses across the junction between neurons

A

Synaptic Transmission

PHARMACOLOGY (22 decks)

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